KNOWLEDGE & SCIENTIFIC NEWS. 



[Jan., 1905. 



their hind wings are brown with pale stripes. Yet the 

 species belong to entirely different groups, and are 

 related by no closer bond than that of mimicry. The 

 Etipltra is the evil-tasting prototype. The Elyitiiiias 

 belongs to a group of poorly-protected butterflies allied 

 to the Salyrida, or " Browns." 



.Again, instances occur in which the female of a 

 species is mimetic, while the male is either non-mimetic 

 or else resembles a prototype quite distinct from that 

 followed by its mate. In the case of Eroiiia vaUcria 

 (from Sumatra, Borneo, etc.), the male may, perhaps, 

 be regarded as an imperfect mimic of the strined 

 S()ecies, a Danais, so common in these islands. The 

 female is a very close mimic of Balwra aspasia, frcm 



F.r,mia raltrrin i and 



Ex Sumatra. (Compare fen 



H. aitimtiin.) 



the female of which the inexperienced observer would 

 be unable to separate it. 



Sometimes a single species has two or more distinct 

 forms of the female, each of which is coloured in 

 mimicry of a separate evil-tasting species. In illustra- 

 tion of this, the case of Papilio pammon, a species 

 havi.nfj a wide r.inge in the liiast, may be cited. The 

 male of (his butterfly is black, the fore-wings having 

 a marginal row of white spots; the hind wings having 

 a curved, transverse band of white, divided into spots 

 by the nervures. There is a form of female almost 

 exactly like the male, but it is somewhat rare. The 

 common forms of female are entirely dissimilar to 

 their mates, and were described as different species by 

 the old naturalists. That which was called P. pnlxtes 

 has a large white spot, broken by nervures, in the 

 middle of each hind wing, and a' row of large red 

 m.nrginal spots. The dark brown fore-wings are 

 striped with a pale colour. The other common form 

 of P. pammon female, described originally as 

 P. rnmnlm, has extensive red markings on the' hind 



wings, and no white spot. Its fore-wings are crossed 

 with two broken bands of white. 



an i and ? (form like tf). 



These two forms of female mimic respectively two 

 iistinct spncies of butterfly, belonging to another 



PajnV.ii nHiloliuhr. Pn))UUi immmnn ? {imliilf form). 



section of the great Papilw genus, which appear to be 

 well-protected insects. The pnlvtcs variety of P. pammon 



