PLATE XC. VARIOUS FORMS OF NEW SEA-ICE. 



FIG. 1. From a photograph by E. H. SHACKLETON (Sh. 55, {-plate) ; taken after a 

 fall of snow at sea, Jan. 31, 1902. 



FIG. 2 (Map B). From a photograph by L. C. BERNACCHI (Be. 78, {plate) ; taken 

 off Danger Sl-ope, Mar. 14, 1902; showing the " lane " formation of new sea- 

 ice formed in a slight breeze, and after a fall of snow. 



FIG. 3. From a photograph by E. H. SHACKLETON (Sh. 112, {-plate); taken in 

 M'Murdo Sound, Apr. 29, 1902 ; showing the efflorescence of salt crystals 

 and ice-flowers on new sea-ice. 



FIG. 4. From a photograph by R. W. SKELTON (Sk. 146, ^-plate) ; showing crystals 

 which Mr Hodgson describes as forming in sea-water on his fishing lines, in 

 gradually diminishing quantity from the surface downwards, to a depth of 

 about seventeen fathoms where the line was clear. (Ferrar, Nat. Hist. R<'i>., 

 vol. i., p. 55.) 



Ice-flowers which result from the freezing of the sea, as in Fig. 3, are always 

 extremely salt. They crystallise in rosettes from the concentrated brine which is 

 left upon the surface of newly formed sea-ice, when frozen in still weather. If, on 

 the other hand, the sea is chilled sufficiently by a fall of snow or a blizzard, small 

 roughly hexagonal pans of ice with upturned edges are formed in millions, and the 

 appearance of the ice is then as in Fig. 1, or from a distance as in Fig. 2. 



