90 ORCHARD CULTURE 



or an old sack. If extension types of implements are used, the 

 team, at least, will be kept well away from the trees. These 

 extension implements may be either those like the light draft 

 harrow shown in Figure 42, which cover a wide space and con- 

 sequently avoid the necessity of the team getting near the trees ; 

 or, if these are not available, the two sections of an ordinary 

 disc or spring-tooth harrow may be separated by using a long 

 bar or evener. In the latter case there is, of course, a strip of 

 land in the centre each time which is not worked, but if the 

 space between the sections is not wider than one of them the 

 strip is cultivated on the return trip. 



Sowing the Cover Crop. When the time finally arrives for 

 sowing the cover crop it may be sown just previous to the last 

 cultivation which will cover the seed, except in the case of clover 

 and turnips which are sown just after the last cultivation and 

 either left for the next rain to cover or else lightly brushed in 

 with a brush harrow. 



It is always a satisfaction to see block after block of the 

 orchard seeded down to the cover crop. One feels that another 

 good job is finished and trouble (at least that particular trouble) 

 is over for the season. 



QUESTIONS 



1. Outline briefly three plans of orchard management as regards culture. 



2. What are the principal points in favor of sod culture? 



3. Give the arguments in favor of the cultivation of orchards. 



4. Outline a year's treatment of the soil in a cultivated orchard. 



5. Give several reasons for and against plowing orchards in late fall. 



6. Discuss the use of the disc harrow in orchards. 



7. Describe the effects of early spring tillage. 



8. At what time during the growing season should the cultivation cease? 



Why? 



9. What hand work, if any, is to be recommended in the cultivation of 



orchards ? 



10. How is the cover crop started? 



11. Is sod-mulch, clean culture or a modified method used in your section? 



