xvi CONTENTS. 



policy and government Men of science and their discoveries : 

 Ben Musa, Alhazen, Averroes, Giaber, etc. Jews of Spain 

 Great inventions Learned institutions Our mediaeval scholars 

 Arabian pupils Contrast between Islam and Christendom . 28 



CHAPTER V. 

 PROGRESS IN THE MIDDLE AGES AND DURING THE REVIVAL. 



Heroic character of the mediaeval scientists Legacy of the mediaeval 

 period to us Great inventions Prominent men of science and 

 their discoveries Nearly all the sciences fixed on experimental 

 bases Immense progress in practical and plastic arts Learned 

 societies founded " Dark Ages " a misnomer .... 50 



CHAPTER VI. 

 NUMEROUS CAUSES OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS.X/ 



Political movements of the mediaeval era The Crusades Dis- 

 appearance of drawbacks Growth of industry and commerce 

 Creation of commercial wealth Capital Progress in art, 

 literature, invention Social improvement due to the gradual 

 abolition of slavery and serfdom Scientific growth, partly due 

 to the Arabians of Spain Encyclopaedic works Influence of 

 Astrology and Alchemy Filiation of great discoveries, and 

 interaction of the sciences . *. : > , ; . . , ^ . . 68 



CHAPTER VII. 

 ROGER BACON versus FRANCIS BACON. 



Albertus Magnus's Natural History Parallelism between Roger 

 and Francis : delusions shared by both ; errors discarded by 

 Roger ; sound notions in common Roger Bacon, one of the 

 five greatest men of ten centuries Roger as a mathematician, 

 a chemist, a physicist, an astronomer The telescope He is 

 the founder of the Experimental School . . . . -74 



CHAPTER VIII. 

 CHARACTER OF THE REVIVAL. 



Duration of the Revival Period Early emigration from Con- 

 stantinopleNicholas V. and Cosmo de' Medici 1453 Capture 

 of Constantinople ; invention of Printing Effects of these two 

 events The Classic School Plato and Aristotle studied The 

 Revival delayed by the Great Schism 91 



