CHAPTER II. 



SCIENCE IN ANTIQUITY. 



IN spite of Aristotle's stupendous intellect, science in 

 antiquity could not possibly develop and find applications 

 as it did in modern days. And without digressing, we may 

 take note of the important fact that notwithstanding the 

 immense and valuable discoveries of the XVIth century, 

 it is only within the last sixty or eighty years that science 

 has made such unexampled and rapid advance. Much of 

 the recent progress flows from the application of steam to 

 machinery, by means of which innumerable instruments have 

 been either invented or improved, and brought into common 

 use all, in their turn, assisting in further scientific develop- 

 ment. And this in the course of less than a lifetime. To 

 resume. 



In antiquity there existed insuperable drawbacks to the 

 advance of science and industry, and amongst others : 



I. WANT OF MATHEMATICS for despite great men 

 such as Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, and Hipparchus, 

 knowledge, in this branch of science, was limited : Dynamics 

 and Algebra in its higher application came into use after 

 Galileo only, and many new methods were invented in 

 modern times. 



II. WANT OF INSTRUMENTS for apart from the gnomon, 

 the armillary spheres, the quadrant, the planetarium, the 

 dioptra, and the astrolabe, the few other ones which may 

 have existed were insignificant. 



III. SLAVERY deprived the ancient world of the modern 



