PROGRESS IN ANTIQUITY. 27 



Geography was also taught for fourteen centuries. He drew 

 maps of all the parts of the known world, including BRITAIN 

 (Albion), of which he traced the rivers and coast-lines, laying 

 on these maps the lines of latitude and longitude calculated 

 afresh by the rules of Eratosthenes ; but the longitudes are 

 very inaccurate, a defect due no doubt to the uncertainty 

 which existed as regards the shape and magnitude of the 

 earth. His catalogue of fixed stars does not exceed 1,022 

 fewer, that is, than the catalogue of Hipparchus. 



130 200 A.D. Galen experimentally proved what Erasis- 

 tratus had already intimated viz., that the nerves and the 

 BRAIN are connected, and that the latter is the CENTRE OF 

 FEELING or sensation. This was the only discovery worth 

 mentioning he made. His pathology and therapeutics which 

 summed up the medical knowledge of antiquity, mixed with 

 much that was imaginary, were the guides from which 

 physicians until Paracelsus and Vesalius dared not deviate, 

 so great was his authority. Vesalius (1514 1564) proved 

 that Galen had not dissected the human body, and had 

 described it only from the dissection of animals. 



We leave on one side mathematicians such as Pappus and 

 others, great masters though they were. 



The Alexandrian Museum, founded by Ptolemy Philadel- 

 phus (285-247), included Collections, Menageries, Observa- 

 tories, besides its four Faculties of Literature, Mathematics, 

 Astronomy, and Medicine the last including the sub- 

 Faculty of Natural History. 



The Temple of Serapis (called also the SERAPION) was 

 used as an hospital where the sick were tended, and the 

 persons studying Medicine became familiar with diseases and 

 their treatment. Surgery and Pharmacy received many im- 

 provements there.* 



Such are in the main the achievements of the Greeks in 

 antiquity. The foregoing table enables us to appreciate the 

 value of the oft-repeated assertion that up to Harvey no 

 progress to speak of had been made in the arts and sciences 

 since Aristotle. 



* For a more adequate presentment of Greek science, see Herbert 

 Spencer's " Genesis of Science," and WhewelFs " Physical Science." 



