40 PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 



supremacy in Europe, undisputed until the XVIth century, 

 cannot be exaggerated, ranging as it did from matter of fact 

 to free thought. 



1170 1262. Ebn Zoar (Avenzoar) enriched PHAR- 

 MACEUTICS by numerous additions. Discovered the acarus 

 of the ITCH, and the treatment of the disease (a discovery, 

 we might say, which should have saved the future Dukes 

 of Argyll the benevolent lavishness of timber for which they 

 have been proverbially blessed by grateful sufferers). 



In connection with these branches, the services done to 

 science by the Jews and their schools in the East, in Spain, 

 France, and Italy, should not be forgotten, all of them fruits 

 of Arabian learning. Some of the most famous men were : 



Xlth c. Rashi (Isaac Ben Soleiman), a physician who 

 swayed a deserved authority for a long period, made valuable 

 observations on pulse, fever, melancholia, and originated a 

 new system of DIETETICS AND REMEDIES. 



Xlth c. Ebn Zohr (of Seville) wrote his treatises in 

 Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac a proof of his fame both in prose 

 and poetry : one was on the CURE OF DISEASES ; two on 

 fevers. He possessed a correct view of the morbific nature 

 of marsh miasm. 



Xlth c. Ben Ezra (of Toledo), who was at once a poet, 

 critic, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, and physician, 

 and had travelled in Asia (including India) and Europe, 

 wrote a famous work (Book of Proofs] on theoretical and 

 PRACTICAL MEDICINE, very extensively studied. 



The universities of Salerno, Montpellier, Narbonne, 

 Tarentum, Bari, were either founded or directed by Arabian 

 Jews. Nor should we forget to mention 



Xllth (?). Abba Mari (of Marseilles), who translated THE 

 ALMAGEST of Ptolemy, and Averroes's Commentaries of 

 Aristotle ; the latter was the first strong beam of light shot 

 across the whole of Europe. 



But we must refer the reader to Draper's Intellectual 

 Development for further information. The number of Arabian 

 and Jewish physicians is legion we mean real medical men 

 and surgeons, and not empirical practitioners. 



The Arabs showed their taste and aptitude for practical 



