44 PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 



learning, that after a successful war it was not rare to insert 

 stipulations in the treaty of peace for the cession of manu- 

 scripts originals or copies sometimes to the amount of 

 four hundred camel loads ! 



To sum up, then, the Arabs extended 



Geography, Arithmetic, 



Botany, Algebra, 



Pharmaceutics, Astronomy, 



Surgery, Physics, 



Medicine, Chemistry. 



They improved upon mathematical and astronomical 

 knowledge ; gave us algebra (solving even cubic equations), 

 extended trigonometry, and thus met the needs of celestial 

 geometry. But they left their mark for all times equally in 

 Medicine, Physics, and Chemistry. 



To Spain all those who had a taste for learning repaired, 

 from all parts of Europe : from Italy, from France, England, 

 Germany, and even Scandinavia. All the great men who 

 shone in Europe in the Middle Ages had acquired their 

 knowledge among or from the Arabs, and foremost among 

 them, between 1000 and 1350: 

 Stiorn Oddes, Roger Bacon, 



Gerbert (Sylvester II.), Vincent de Beauvais, 



Frederick II. of Germany, Duns Scotus, 

 Gaston Phcebus, Comte de Arnauld de Villeneuve, 



Foix, Bonaventura, 



Abelard, Albert of Saxony, 



Albertus Magnus, Ramon Lulle, 



all of whom were nurtured in Arabian learning and inoculated 

 by the' Arabs with the spirit of science, and with the habit of 

 thinking and reasoning. And if these early teachers, Albertus 

 Magnus and Roger Bacon, listened to the voice of experience, 

 silent for so many ages in Europe, and founded the EXPERI- 

 MENTAL SCHOOL amongst us, they were wholly indebted for 

 it to their Arabian teachers. 



We may now contrast Islam with Christendom in a few 

 points which the preceding survey has not sufficiently 

 established : 



