62 PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 



oxidation ; in physiology, he observed the swelling of veins 

 below ligatures, and inferred from it the refluent MOTION OF 

 THE BLOOD in those vessels. 



1538 1616. Lobel discovered the two GREAT GROUPS 

 of the vegetable kingdom the monocotyledons and the 

 dicotyledons. 



Physiology had its foundations strengthened by 

 1561 1638. Santorio, who introduced the THERMO- 

 METER, HYGROMETER, and the BALANCE into the study of 

 life ; discovered the process of cutaneous perspiration. 

 Anatomy received a powerful impulse from 

 1405 1464. Piccolomini, who gave a scientific basis to 

 general anatomy by his description of the CELLULAR 

 TISSUE. 



1463 1512. Achillini observed the course of the cerebral 

 cavities into the inferior cornua ; knew of the ileo-caecal 

 valve and other facts unknown before him ; described the 

 malleus and incus two TYMPANAL BONES ; showed the 

 tarsus to consist of seven bones; rediscovered the fornix 

 a triangular brain lamina, and the infundibulum brain- 

 tunnel. 



1483 1553. Fracastoro made valuable observations on 



CONTAGION. 



15091553. Servetus nearly detected the course of the 

 circulation by his persevering DISSECTIONS. 



1 5 14 1 564. Vesalius, who deserved the title of FOUNDER 

 OF MODERN ANATOMY, showed the discrepancies between 

 the results of dissection and Galen, who had never dissected 

 the human body and had given a wrong description of it. 

 To Vesalius mainly we owe the transformation of anatomy 

 into an exact science, and by that fact a solid foundation 

 was given to medicine. Vesalius's book was illustrated 

 by the best artists of Italy a great help to students. 



1523 1552. Fallopius studied the general anatomy of 

 the BONES ; described the EAR with great accuracy, and 

 made assiduous researches into the organs of reproduction. 



1527? 1574. Eustachius discovered the EUSTACHIAN 

 TUBE, leading from the ear-drum to the throat. 



1530 1589. Arantus was the first to describe the inferior 



