ii4 PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 



his friend and associate WiLLUGHBY, made a CLASSIFICATION 

 of the known plants more perfect than Csesalpinus's, grouping 

 them into three divisions the IMPERFECT PLANTS (flowerless 

 ferns, mosses), and the PERFECT PLANTS (flowering), them- 

 selves divided into two classes : I, the dicotyledons , the seeds 

 of which "open into two seed-leaves/' some having simple 

 flowers (like the pink), and some having compound flowers 

 (like the daisy) ; 2, the monocotyledons form the other class, 

 " the seeds of which have only one seed-leaf" (like a grain of 

 wheat). This system was made more perfect by Tournefort ; 

 but some of Ray's divisions were adopted by Linnaeus. Ray 

 was also an excellent zoologist Willughby's work being 

 partly due to his knowledge and assistance. Ray's History 

 of Insects exhibits a clever classification, based upon either 

 stability of form, or metamorphosis, and then again upon 

 organic characters wings, feet, habits, food, etc. Ray and 

 Willughby are two names which can hardly be separated. 

 With them botany and natural history take a new departure, 

 after them each step forward is a long stride into rich regions 

 of knowledge. 



1656 1708. Tournefort founded the science of geo- 

 graphical DISTRIBUTION of plants after extensive travels in 

 the East and in Europe ; described ten thousand plants, 

 and arranged them with great discrimination, establishing 

 the orders and genera in the Vegetable Kingdom according 

 to the general character of species. His classification was an 

 improvement upon Ray's. Of his genera, 130 were pre- 

 served by Linnaeus. As a descriptor he is regarded as a 

 model, and his work on botany established his reputation all 

 over Europe. 



1707 1778. Linnaeus pointed out the phenomena of 

 fecundation in plants ; classified the Flora according to the 

 organs of reproduction (stamens and pistils) the most 

 famous ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION. It is artificial because 

 it grouped species without regard to their fundamental like- 

 nesses of organisation and structure. He created a scientific 

 language by originating a mnemonic instrument at once 

 ingenious and useful giving to every plant and animal a 

 second (or specific) name which conveys a description of 



