n8 PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 



same tree. These views were rapidly propagated, and even 

 enlarged upon by Diderot. By the end of the XVII Ith 

 century, the origin of species had become an important sub- 

 ject of speculation in most parts of Europe. Secondly, the 

 value of Buffon's work lies in his tracing the DISTRIBUTION 

 OF ANIMALS all over the globe, as well as the geographical 

 and climatic causes of such distribution. The anatomical 

 portion of his natural history is the work of Daubenton. 



1716 1800. Daubenton gave additional value to Buffon's 

 work in the manner just mentioned. He also supplied 

 Buffon with fine ANATOMICAL DESIGNS. He besides holds 

 a special place in science by his having been the first to 

 apply COMPARATIVE ANATOMY to the determination of 

 FOSSIL BODIES, thus opening the only road to the study of 

 the Fauna of geological epochs. 



1722 89. Camper discovered (in 1761) the auditory organs 

 of fishes, and (in 17/1) discovered that air penetrates into 

 the bones of birds by the process of breathing, to make them 

 more buoyant in flying ; was the first to dissect the orang- 

 outang, and to show the anatomical difference between 

 anthropoid apes and man ; determined the FACIAL ANGLE 

 (the profile line of the human face) and made it a criterion 

 of race though too exclusively becoming thereby one of 

 the founders of anthropology. His analogy between the 

 human body and that of the quadruped, bird, and fish, is 

 equally serviceable to the naturalist and to the artist. 



1758 1828. Gall, the founder of CRANIOLOGY, is entitled 

 to fame for his marvellous DISSECTION OF THE BRAIN, the 

 anatomy of which had been unsatisfactory his work was a, 

 revelation to anatomists, despite the fact that his conclusions 

 (phrenology) were far too hasty to find general acceptance. 



1769 1832. Cuvier was the most eminent founder of 

 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. He embraced the entire Animal 

 Kingdom. He divided it according to organisation into the 

 VERTEBRATA, MOLLUSCA, ARTICULATA, RADIATA the three 

 last of which had been neglected. Then he divided the four 

 sub-kingdoms into Classes, Orders, Families, Genera, and 

 Species, arriving at a much more satisfactory and complete 

 classification than Linnaeus, because he based it upon the 



