MODERN SCIENCE. 127 



tissues, and the growth of stems. Robert Brown, in par- 

 ticular, established the existence of the embryo-sac, the 

 function of the funicle (nourishing duct), and the micropyle 

 (fertilising duct) in fact the whole economy of the SEED- 

 VESSEL a determining feature in the modern classification 

 of plants. These discoveries are allied to those of Sprengel. 



b. 1787. Serres studied the brain, and showed the de- 

 velopment of bones to proceed from the PERIOSTEUM 

 (outward envelope). 



1801 1858. Muller (Johann) made the physiology of 

 the senses of SIGHT AND HEARING a special study, even in 

 lower animals; pointed out the anatomical type of glands, 

 the components of blood, and other phenomena; but his 

 capital feat in science lies in his originating COMPARATIVE 

 PHYSIOLOGY. He had an equal influence in the scientific 

 world as a physician, a chemist, a zoologist, and a physicist. 



1811 72. Simpson (Sir James Y.) introduced the use 

 of CHLOROFORM as an anaesthetic, an innovation in the 

 treatment of disease and surgical operations which has 

 relieved humanity from immense suffering. 



18131878. Bernard (Claude) discovered the FUNCTION 

 OF THE LIVER, the pancreas, the salivary gland, and the 

 spinal chord four capital determinations. 



BIOLOGY (proper). 



1683 1757. Reaumur was the first to recognise the 

 nature of coral and CORAL FORMATIONS, and to make a 

 special study of insects and carry investigations over a much 

 more extensive field than his predecessors. As a physicist, 

 he invented the THERMOMETER which bears his name and 

 is divided into 80 degrees from the freezing to the boiling 

 points of water. 



1728 94. Hunter, as one of the founders of modern 

 biology and pathological physiology, pointed out, after going 

 through an immense range of important observations and 

 experiments in the vegetable and animal kingdoms, the 

 necessity of embracing and connecting all the studies relating 

 to life, instead of limiting the science of biology to the study 



