150 PROGRESS OF SCIENCE. 



cephalic) would be the only remnants or survivors of the 

 autochthons of Europe other anthropologists, however, con- 

 tending that the Finns, the Lapps, the Basques are also 

 direct descendants from the primitive population of Europe, 

 although they differ in the configuration of their skulls. 



b. 1 8 10. Quatrefages de Breau believed that the Quater- 

 nary man presented TWO TYPES in Europe : viz., a tall and 

 dolichocephalic man (the Cro-Magnon cave man), and a 

 short and brachy cephalic man (the Esthonian, or the Loess 

 Valley man), both of which have persisted to this day not- 

 withstanding the invasion of Europe by the so-called Aryan 

 races. 



b. 1817. Vogt pointed out the difference between man and 

 the anthropoid apes, in popular lectures, and contributed to 

 promote the study by numerous observations. His injunction 

 to study the whole race as it lies buried in the strata of the 

 earth, and not as a living genus only, was not the least of his 

 services. 



1824 80. Broca, the founder of the earliest Anthropo- 

 logical Society (Paris), proved the Cro-Magnon (and the 

 Eyzies) man, analysed by him, to be different from other 

 known races a fact which demonstrates the unsoundness of 

 previous anthropologists' belief with regard to the unity 

 or duality of race of the primitive inhabitants of Europe. 

 Broca insisted upon the presence of THREE TYPES, which we 

 may differentiate as the Constadt type, very dolichocephalic 

 (long-headed) and prognathic (with projecting jaw) of 

 which the Neanderthal is an extreme instance ; the Cro- 

 Magnon (Vezere Valley) type, rather brachycephalic (broad- 

 headed) with good cranial development, tall, not unlike the 

 modern race ; the Furfooz type, a dwarfish race with a round 

 head, resembling the modern Laplander all of them different 

 from the races of Africa, Asia, and America ! The discovery 

 of numerous caves, ancient human dwellings, both in Europe 

 and America, has thrown much light upon the antiquity of 

 man and the variety of races and habits, notably, besides those 

 already alluded to, the Brixham cave (Devon), Kent's Cavern 

 (near Torquay), Gower Cave (South Wales), Victoria Cave 

 (Yorkshire), Woking Cave (Somersetshire), King Arthur's 



