MODERN SCIENCE. 261 



1781 1848. Stephenson (G.), after SEGUIN'S invention 

 of the TUBULAR BOILER, invented the LOCOMOTIVE, the 

 culminating triumph of a series of wonders which transformed 

 the world. 



The filiation of the foregoing is, be it observed, absolutely 

 unbroken. 



In connection with this rapid progress of steam applica- 

 tion, we should remember, as a real benefactor of humanity, 



1728 1809. Boulton, who, by the encouragement, 

 workshops, capital which he magnanimously gave James 

 Watt (1769), rapidly enabled the latter to propagate the 

 use of steam machinery all over the world. Boulton was 

 therefore one of the powerful PROMOTERS OF MODERN 

 INDUSTRY, to whom the English capitalist and the English 

 artisan should be equally grateful. He is said to have 

 introduced gas-lighting at Birmingham as early as 1798. 



I 759(- ? ) Murdoch, of Redruth (Cornwall), dis- 

 covered COAL GAS, and applied it to lighting purposes 

 (1792); but London enjoyed the new lighting system only 

 in 1817, after Birmingham, where Boulton introduced it in 

 1798, and even after Paris, where Winsor had successfully 

 lighted the Passage des Panoramas. 



1765 1833. Niepce (Nicephore), by succeeding in fixing 

 images produced by the camera obscura a thing attempted 

 by Davy in 1802 invented PHOTOGRAPHY (1824); but it was 

 his partner Daguerre who, after Niepce's death, propagated 

 the new art hence the name of Daguerreotype. DAGUERRE 

 (1787 1851) invented the DIORAMA. The photographic 

 apparatus is one of the most serviceable in our possession. 

 The assistance it gives to sundry branches of knowledge 

 (light, physiology, anthropology, zoology, geography, history) 

 is unrivalled. In art it has become of immense value. It 

 is to astronomy, however, that it renders the most valuable 

 services; for it not only maps the heavens with absolute 

 precision, records the phenomena of momentary eclipses, 

 reveals events of cosmical history, such as the evolutional 

 stage and form of nebulae (the nebulae in Andromeda, Orion, 

 Ursa Major, Canes Venatici), but it also records with 

 complete accuracy the small shift of the celestial (spectrum) 



