APPENDIX A A. 319 



Applied chemistry (or practical chemistry) is subdivided into many 

 branches medical, industrial, agricultural, etc. 



It is a modern science, although chemical processes were known 

 in antiquity and the Middle Ages, since metallurgy, pottery, the use 

 of alkaline, acid, and saline substances, the preparation of drugs, 

 perfumes, colouring matters, were by no means unknown ; but the 

 want of knowledge of the laws which govern matter led experimental 

 observers into alchemy, or attempts to convert common metals into 

 gold. The alchemists, it must be owned, made many important and 

 useful discoveries, but the XVIth, XVIIth, and XVIIIth centuries 

 witnessed their gradual disappearance. Like steam, chemistry has 

 become one of the greatest elements of progress and wealth in the 

 world. 



Biology (jStor, life) embraces the study of the phenomena of life, 

 whether vegetable or animal. Some of these phenomena are ex- 

 plained by the general laws of physics and chemistry ; others, on the 

 contrary, escape all explanation of that kind, and constitute what 

 may be called the vital phenomena properly speaking, and these are 

 the object of biology. This science therefore includes anatomy, 

 physiology (of plants and animals), palaeontology, and anthropology. 

 Biology may be said to have received its first impulse from the 

 anatomists of the Revival period. 



Anatomy (dvd, across, re>i><, I cut), considered as a science apart 

 from dissection, is concerned with the study of organised beings 

 (whether vegetal or animal), to discover the organs and elementary 

 parts which enter into their composition, not only as regards form, 

 structure, connections, physical properties and functions, but also as 

 regards texture, chemical properties, developmem, and alteration. It 

 is the basis of zoology, physiology, and medical science, and there- 

 fore intimately bound to these. It is divided into human, compara- 

 tive, and vegetal anatomy. 



The science originated among the Greeks, but in modern times 

 only was it cultivated with success after Mondini and Leonardo da 

 Vinci. 



Physiology (^(m, nature) deals with the phenomena of life, and 

 is almost synonymous with biology yet, there is a difference, for if 

 in many instances the scope of biology and physiology is absolutely 

 identical, biology embraces the phenomena of life which are more in- 

 timately bound with the exterior world that is, the most general 

 phenomena of life, whilst physiology is more intimately bound with 

 the classes of phenomena which affect particular individual orders 



