320 APPENDICES. 



of beings (vegetal or animals). The phenomena resulting from 

 change of habitat, food, temperature, health would fall more within 

 the domain of physiology than within that of biology. The fact that 

 physiology may affect the moral and political sciences makes it one 

 of the most important studies we can pursue. 



This study may be said to have been originated by the Greeks, 

 but in recent times only has it been completely detached from meta- 

 physics, which impeded its progress. 



Botany (pordvr), a plant) is concerned with the study of the 

 vegetable world. It is of extreme antiquity, but modern botany was 

 inaugurated by Linnaeus and Jussieu. 



Zoology (&OV, animal) is that part of natural history which treats 

 of animals. It embraces the study of exterior organs (descriptive 

 -zoology), interior organs (comparative anatomy), and the functions 

 of each organ (which is a section of physiology). The ancients, 

 Pliny particularly, left very interesting descriptions of animals. The 

 science was revived by Gesner in the XVIth century. It has been 

 immensely extended in recent times. 



Palaeontology (jraXaios, ancient, &v, ovros, being). This science 

 treats of the beings whose remains are found buried in the crust of 

 the earth, or who lived at different geological periods before the 

 species which inhabit its surface at the present time. This term is 

 generally applied to the study of fossil zoology, but it also refers to 

 the fossil vegetable kingdom, so that palaeontology is an extension 

 of botany and zoology. It is, of course, closely connected with 

 geology, and is, like the latter, of modern growth. 



Anthropology (avdpcvrros, man) is the natural history of man con- 

 sidered and studied in his diverse varieties. It is altogether of 

 recent origin. It will acquire the greatest importance when time 

 has matured its results, for laws and governments will be framed 

 more in accordance with the physical and mental requirements of 

 each race than in accordance with tradition and abstract ideas. 



Sociology (sociuS) an ally), or social science, treats of every 

 question relating to the organisation and well-being of communities. 

 It embraces therefore, jurisprudence, government, education, 

 punishment, legislation, public morality, public health, and political 

 economy. Of all these, political economy was the latest founded, at 

 the end of last century. 



