SUGGESTIONS OF SOCIOLOGY. 517 



Prof. Giddings emphasises, requires material some 

 association wider than the family in order that it 

 may develop. 



(d) Spencer and others look to " co-operation in 

 war as the chief cause of social integration." But 

 while the importance of this factor is almost unani- 

 mously admitted, there is room for doubting whether 

 it was primitive. Many simple peoples are very 

 peaceful. 



(e) There seems much force in the thesis ably 

 expounded by Prof. L. M. Keasbey that the social 

 cement is primarily economic. " A local food- 

 supply inevitably causes families to congregate, and 

 the more concentrated and permanent the source of 

 subsistence, the closer and more enduring is the 

 resulting tribal aggregation. Forest hunters and 

 river-fishers are thus naturally tribal economists. 

 Isolation is not economically advantageous under 

 such environmental circumstances, and being brought 

 together in their own interests, such people are led 

 to become at least semi-social." * 



In short, the clan with which sociology begins is an 

 economic institution. " Sociality arose in the first 

 place out of the economic necessity of productive 

 co-operation." But the historical evolution of so- 

 ciety is obviously too difficult a subject to be discussed 

 in a few paragraphs. We may refer for a fine exam- 

 ple of the modern mode of treatment to Prof. Gid- 

 dings' Principles of Sociology (1896) Book III., 

 where he distinguishes a series of stages: the an- 

 thropogenic stage, the metronymic tribe, the patro- 

 nymic tribe, the military-religious civilisation, and 

 the economico-ethical civilisation. 



Factors in Social Evolution. As in biology, it 



* The Institution of Society, Internat. Monthly, I. (1900), 

 pp 355-398. 



