58 NATURAL HISTORY. 



objects, into three regna or kingdoms the mineral, 

 vegetable, and animal kingdoms. Minerals he defines 

 as bodies or accumulations of matter which have neither 

 life nor sensibility; vegetables are organised bodies which 

 have life, but are without sensibility; while animals are 

 not only organised and alive, but also possess sensibility 

 and the power of voluntary movement. With Linnaeus's 

 arrangement of the mineral kingdom we have nothing to 

 do here. It may be noted, however, that he included in 

 this kingdom all those remains of extinct animals or 

 plants which we now know as ' fossils.' These he placed 

 in a special division of the mineral kingdom (Larvata), 

 believing some to be real, while others (such as the 

 Graptolites) were thought by him to be imaginary, that 

 is to say, purely mimetic. We are also not concerned 

 here with the famous Linnean system of plants, though 

 it may be remarked that this constituted an immense 

 advance upon any system of classification of the vegetable 

 kingdom which had preceded it. The animal kingdom 

 was divided by Linnaeus into the following six great 

 * classes.' 



( i ) Mammalia, or Quadrupeds, including the animals 

 which are at the present day placed under this name. 

 Linnaeus divided the quadrupeds into seven 'orders,' of 

 which the first, termed Primates, included man, the 

 monkeys, and the bats. The characters which induced 

 Linnaeus to place the bats with the monkeys are, that in 

 both these groups of animals there are generally only four 

 upper front teeth, and the mammary glands are only two 

 in number and are placed upon the chest. This is a good 

 example of the violation of natural affinities which results 



