CUVIER. 145 



first place, with regard to systematic zoology, and especially 

 to classification, it is necessary, to begin with, to call to 

 mind the condition in which the classification of the animal 

 kingdom had been left by Linnaeus, and in which, with 

 unimportant changes, it had remained ever since. Linnaeus 

 divided the animal kingdom into the two primary divisions 

 of the ' Animals with red blood,' and ' Animals with white 

 blood,' these divisions corresponding with what Lamarck 

 named the ' Vertebrate Animals ' and the ' Invertebrate 

 Animals.' The first of these primary divisions was further 

 split up into the four classes of the Mammalia (quadrupeds) 

 birds, reptiles, and fishes; while the second division was 

 separated into the two classes of the Insects and the 

 Worms (Vermes). Even among the Vertebrate animals, 

 there were features in the Linnean classification of the most 

 unnatural character. Thus, the Cetaceans (whales and 

 dolphins) found themselves with the fishes; while certain 

 of the latter (for example, the sharks) were placed among 

 the reptiles. Amongst the Invertebrate animals, on the 

 other hand, the confusion which reigned was much more 

 extensive. The only definite ' class ' of Invertebrates which 

 Linnaeus clearly recognised was that of the insects ; but 

 he included under this name not only the animals pro- 

 perly known as 'insects,' but also the Crustaceans, the 

 Spiders, the Centipedes, and the Ringed Worms. Thus the 

 Linnean 'Insecta' corresponded, in a general way, with 

 that great division of animals now known by the name of 

 Annulose Animals. On the other hand, all the other 

 Invertebrate animals were placed by Linnaeus in a second 

 ' class,' which he termed Vermes. The Vermes of Lin- 

 naeus constituted, however, an entirely miscellaneous 



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