38 EARTHWORMS AND LEECHES [CH. I 



without chitinous bars. Very common. The worms project 

 the hinder end of the body from their mud tubes into the 

 water and maintain a waving motion to and fro for respiratory 

 purposes. Often so abundant as to form red patches on the 

 mud. 



T. benedeni (Udek.). Eed-grey to blackish-red. Penis with 

 chitinous bars. Skin with numerous papillae arranged in 

 irregular rings. Length 35 to 55 mm. Seashore and below 

 tide marks. 



T. costatus (Clap.). Pale red. Penis with chitinous bars. Skin 

 smooth, without papillae. Dorsal setae of 5th to 13th seg- 

 ments (generally) spatulate. Length 16mm. Under stones 

 and rubbish on seashore (Sheerness). 



Family LUMBRICULID^:. One pair of internal seminal funnels in 

 same segment as male apertures and generally a second pair in 

 preceding segment. Setae S-shaped, simple or prong-forked, 

 8 per segment, in 4 pairs, 2 ventral and 2 lateral. Male 

 apertures 1 pair, generally in 10th, sometimes in 8th or llth 

 segment. Female apertures 1 or 2 pairs, generally in furrow 

 between 10th and llth. Spermatheca 1 to 5 pairs. Ovaries 

 1 pair in segment next behind male aperture and sometimes a 

 2nd pair in the following segment. 



genus Lumbriculus Grube. Male apertures in 8th. Penis re- 

 tractile. Female 2 pairs, in furrows between 9th and 10th, 

 and 10th and llth. Spermathecae 4 pairs in 10th to 13th, 

 simple. Ovaries 2 pairs, in 9th and 10th. 



L. variegatus (Mull.). Red to dark brown, greenish anteriorly. 

 Prostomium conical, curved, with pore at apex. Total seg- 

 ments 140 to 200 or more. Length 40 to 80 mm., thickness 

 1 to 1'5 mm. In mud and sand or among weeds in ditches 

 and swamps. 



genus Stylodrilus Clap. Male apertures on non-retractile penis 

 in 10th, posterior to ventral setae. Spermathecal apertures 

 in 9th, 2 pairs of internal seminal funnels in 9th and 10th, 

 1 pair of ovaries in llth. 



