CH. Ill] THE COCKROACH 95 



surface of the first thoracic segment (pronotum) darkly coloured 

 except along the edges, where it is pale : the insect is from 8 to 

 11 mm. long, and lives in shrubs, under moss and dead leaves. 

 The two other species, which both have the pronotum pale, are 

 (2) E, panzeri, 6 8 mm. long, greyish in colour, the wing cases 

 of the female reach only to the third segment ; found under 

 refuse and rubbish in sandy districts and sand dunes by the 

 sea-shore : (3) E. livida, 88*5 mm. long, pale straw colour 

 with a reddish tint on the pronotum, wing-covers reaching 

 beyond the apex of the abdomen in both sexes, and flight-wings 

 well developed in both. 



Of the remaining genera and species most are very local, 

 occurring in a few spots, such as a warehouse, or a dockyard, 

 where they have been introduced. We may however mention 

 the large Periplaneta americana, which attains a length of about 

 3 cm. and is of a bright brown colour with well-developed wings 

 and wing-covers longer than the abdomen in both sexes : it is 

 common in many of the houses in the Zoological Gardens and 

 is probably known by sight to many persons. 



The Saltatorial section includes all forms with hind- 

 legs adapted for leaping : additional diagnostic characters 

 are furnished by the presence of stridulating organs, the 

 possession by the female of an ovipositor, and by the wing- 

 covers in the immature forms having the lower margin 

 turned towards the dorsal part of the insect. 



The GRASSHOPPERS (Acridiodea) have short antennae and 3-jointed 

 tarsi : the ovipositor of the female is short and inconspicuous : 

 the stridulating organs are partly on the femora of the hind- 

 legs and partly on the wing-covers. In flight the front and hind 

 wings are hooked together so as to move as one. There are 

 eight genera of British Grasshoppers but only three of these are 

 at all common, viz. Stenobothrus, Gomphocerus and Tettix. 

 Tettix is distinguished from all the other genera by the curious 

 extension of the pronotum backward over the abdomen : we 

 have two British species, T. bipunctatus with highly arched 



