CH. VIII] FROGS, TOADS, AND NEWTS 299 



22 , 



Fig. 51. A dorsal, B ventral, and C lateral views of the skull of a Newt, 

 Molge cristata x 2. After Parker. 



The cartilage is dotted, the cartilage bones are marked with dots and 

 dashes, the membrane bones are left white. 



1. Premaxilla. 2. Anterior nares. 3. Posterior nares. 4. Nasal. 

 5. Frontal. 6. Parietal. 7. Prefrontal. 8. Maxilla. 



9. Fused vomer and palatine. 10. Parasphenoid. 11. Orbito- 

 sphenoid. 12. Pterygoid. 13. Squamosal. 14. Pro-otic 

 region of fused exoccipital and pro-otic. 15. Quadrate. 16. 



Quadrate cartilage. 17. Exoccipital region of fused exoccipital 



and pro-otic. 18. Articular. 19. Articular cartilage. 



20. Dentary. 21. Splenial. 22. Middle narial passage, 



a cleft in the cartilage of the snout filled with connective tissue. 

 II. V. VII. IX. X. Foramina for the exit of cranial nerves. 



limbs, and the tibia and fibula in the hind remain re- 

 spectively distinct from one another, and in the skull the 

 frontal bones are not united with the parietals. In these 

 particulars the skeleton is of more primitive type than 



