60 



FARM MANAGEMENT 



These figures show that, even if we assume that pasture 

 is worth twice as much in Iowa as in New York, the 

 winter feed much more than offsets the difference. Using 

 more or less feed than is called for above, or using a silo, 

 may affect the figures, but does not affect the principle. 

 It is the cost of the year's feed and not the cost of the 

 feed for one season that must be considered. For profit- 

 able beef production, we must have a very long grazing 

 period, or must have cheap winter feed, or both. England 

 is better situated than our North Atlantic States for beef 

 production, because it has such a long grazing season. 



The adjustment that the farmers have made to meet the 

 conditions is shown in Table 7. On April 1, 1910, Nebraska 

 and Iowa had more than one-fourth as many yearling 

 steers and bulls (3 months to 15 months) as they had 

 cows and heifers (16 months old or older). Illinois, 

 Indiana, and Ohio had less than one-sixth as many as 

 cows, . and New York and Massachusetts had only one 

 for 25 to 30 cows. In these two states practically no 

 steers are kept. The number reported represents practi- 

 cally "the number of bulls kept. Instead of raising steers, 

 these two Eastern States sell practically all their bull 

 calves as veal. Near cities, the calves are often killed 

 at birth, as feed is too expensive to make it pay to keep 

 them to the legal age for veal. The East Central States 

 sell many of their calves for veal, but raise some steers. 



