208 THE WONDER OF LIFE 



restricted group, under circumstances which are either 

 of frequent recurrence or are vitally essential to the con- 

 tinuance of the race. They are to be distinguished from 

 habits which owe their defmiteness to individual acquisition 

 and the repetition of individual performance '. 



Lloyd Morgan's work marks a distinct stage in the study 

 of instinct. The experimental method, as usual, makes 

 a new beginning. His work has been continued, but only 

 continued by other investigators. And, leaving aside 

 entirely some important experiments on animal intelligence, 

 we may say, as regards the history of the investigation of 

 instinct, that the two new steps of importance are concerned 

 with (a) the endeavour of Loeb, Bohn and others to analyse 

 particular cases of instinctive behaviour into combinations 

 of tropisms and the like, and (6) the suggestion of Bergson 

 that instinct expresses a particular mode of knowledge, 

 differing from intelligence rather in kind than in degree. 



INSTANCES OF INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR 



When we pass in the Animal Kingdom from brainless 

 types, like polyps and starfishes, to creatures of higher 

 degree, like crabs and ants and spiders, we find ourselves 

 in a new world. There are tropisms still, and there is differ- 

 ential sensitiveness, but there is a new kind of behaviour 

 much more complicated, which is called instinctive. 



When a shore- crab is carried over the beach and then 

 laid down, it makes for the sea in its own peculiar sideways 

 fashion. Light and wind and slope seem to have no effect ; 

 it makes for the moisture of the sea. This is probably a 

 tropism, perhaps complicated by some higher capacity. 



When a worker-bee, coming out of the hive for the first 



