246 



WOOD AND FOREST. 



Fig. 98. Worm Holes in Red 

 Oak, Work of the Oak Car- 

 penter Worm. [Agric. Tear 

 Book, 1903, Fig. 37, p. 324. J 



sawed staves, a short longitudi- 

 nal section of one of these black 

 holes is seen attended by the 

 stained streak on one side of a 

 thick or curly growth or grain, 

 Fig. 100. It is this form which 

 is called "steamboats." In white- 

 wood (yellow poplar) the black 

 holes are attended by very long 

 black, greenish, or bluish streaks, 

 sometimes five or six feet lon^. 



G 



When this is common in the 



lumber it is called "calico poplar." Fig. 101 represents the characteristic ap- 

 pearance of this defect greatly reduced. (Hopkins, Agric. Yr. Bk., 1903, p. 327.) 



Carpenter bees. The work of this 

 class of woodboring bees is shown in Fig. 

 102. The injury consists of large auger- 

 like tunnels in exposed, solid dry wood of 

 buildings and other structures. It is most 

 common in soft woods, such as pine, pop- 

 lar, redwood and the like. (Hopkins, 

 Agric. Yr. Bk., 1904, p. 390., 



Horn tails. This is a class of borers 

 which are the larvae of the so-called wood 

 wasps. They may enter the exposed dead 

 wood of wounds of living trees, but more 

 commonly attack the wood of dead stand- 

 ing conifers and hard woods, in the sap- 

 wood of which they excavate irregular 

 burrows, which are packed with their bor- 

 ings. When the adults emerge they leave 

 the surface perforated with numerous 

 round holes. Water and fungi entering 

 these holes cause a very rapid decay of 

 the wood. (Hopkins, Entom. Bull. No. 48, 

 p. 11.) 



The tunnels of these various wood pests are most frequently to 

 be seen in chestnut, ash, hickory, oak, tulip, and cypress. 



One would think 

 ^ that with such an ar- 

 ray of enemies, the 

 -* forest would 



Fig-. 99. Work of the Columbian 

 Timber Beetle: Black holes and 

 "grease spots" in white oak. 

 [Agric. Tear Book. 1903, Fig. 38, 

 p. 325.1 



Fig. 100. Work of the Columbian 



Timber Beetle: "Steamboats" in 



quartered or Split white oak. \Agrtc. 



Tear Book, 1903, Fig. 39, p. 326.] 



hardly 

 survive, but on the 

 other hand there are 

 manv enemies of these 



