274 WOOD AND FOREST. 



one-fifth of the total forest area, are largely treated as "protection 

 forests" to maintain the head waters of streams, Fig. 120, used for 

 irrigation, for power or for commerce. The attempt now being made 

 to reserve large areas in the White Mountains and southern Appa- 

 lachians is chiefly for this purpose of protection. 



A comparison of Figs. 120 and 121 shows clearly the difference 

 between a region protected by forest and one unprotected. 1 



(2) Productive. All practical foresters have as their first aim the 

 yield of the forest. This distinguishes forestry from landscape archi- 

 tecture, the object of which may equally be the preservation and im- 

 provement of a given tract. The crop to be produced is as truly the 

 prime concern of the forester as the raising of agricultural crops is 

 the prime concern of the farmer. It is for this reason that forestry 

 is said to be the same thing as conservative lumbering, Fig. 122. The 

 prejudice of lumbermen against forestry has arisen from a misun- 

 derstanding of its aim. Its aim is not to prevent the cutting down 

 of trees, but to direct their cutting in such ways that in the future 

 there will still be trees to cut. "Thru use to a greater use/ 5 is the 

 motto of the Forest Service. The difference between destructive lum- 

 bering and conservative lumbering is that the former cuts one crop 

 regardless of the future ; while the latter plans to cut crop after crop 

 indefinitely. In other words, in conservative lumbering, the trees to 

 be cut are not selected solely with reference to their immediate mar- 

 ket value. Not one crop, but many, is the forester's motto. 



So long as the supply seemed exhaustless, forests might be and 

 were treated as mines are, i. e., exploited for the sake of immediate 

 profit; but now that lumbermen begin to realize that the end of the 

 supply is in sight, more conservative methods are being adopted. We 

 cannot afford to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs. In order 

 then to obtain as rich harvests as possible, the modern forester makes 

 use of various methods, some negative, some positive. 



Waste is avoided in all possible ways, stumps are cut low and tops 

 high on the trunk, first class trees are not used for skids, bridges, 

 roads, etc., care is taken in "falling" trees and in dragging out logs, 

 that they will not injure other trees. Just as economical disposal of 

 the log has already been carried to a high degree of perfection in the 



*A concise and interesting statement of the relation of the forest to 

 rain and floods is to be found in Pinchot: Primer of Forestry, Bulletin No. 

 24, Part II, Chap. III. 



