APPENDIX. 295 



6. Color effect reddish (roseate) (under microscope pith ray with 

 tracheids ) HEMLOCK. 



2. Heart-wood present, color decidedly different in kind from sap-wood. 

 a. Heart-wood light orange red; sap-wood, pale lemon; wood, heavy 



and hard YEW. 



&. Heartwood purplish to brownish red; sap-wood yellowish white; 



wood soft to medium hard, light, usually with aromatic odor, 



RED CEDAR. 

 G. Heart-wood maroon to terra cotta or deep brownish red ; sap-wood 



light orange to dark amber, very soft and light, no odor ; pith rays 



very distinct, specially pronounced on radial section REDWOOD. 



3. Heart-wood present, color only different in shade from sap-wood, dingy- 

 yellowish brown. 



a. Odorless and tasteless BALD CYPRESS 



6. Wood with mild resinous odor, but tasteless WHITE CEDAR. 



c. Wood with strong resinous odor and peppery taste when freshly cut, 



INCENSE CEDAR. 

 JB. Resin ducts present. 



1. No distinct heartwood; color white, resin ducts very small, not nu- 

 merous SPRUCE 



2. Distinct heart-wood present. 



a. Resin ducts numerous, evenly scattered thru the ring. 



a'. Transition from spring wood to summer wood gradual ; annual 

 ring distinguished by a fine line of dense summer-wood cells ; 

 color, white to yellowish red; wood soft and light. .SOFT PINES. J 

 6'. Transition from spring wood to summer wood more or less 

 abrupt; broad bands of dark-colored summer wood; color from 

 light to deep orange; wood medium hard and heavy. HARD PINES. * 



The light, straw color, combined with great lightness and softness, dis- 

 tinguishes the white pines (white pine and sugar pine) from the hard pines 

 (all others in the market), which may also be recognized by the gradual 

 change of spring wood into summer wood. This change in hard pines is 

 abrupt, making the summer wood appear as a sharply defined and more or 

 less broad band. 



The Norway pine, which may be confounded with the shortleaf pine, can 

 be distinguished by being much lighter and softer. It may also, but more 

 rarely, be confounded with heavier white pine, but for the sharper definition 

 of the annual ring, weight, and hardness. 



The longleaf pine is strikingly heavy, hard, and resinous, and usually 

 very regular and narrow ringed, showing little sap-wood, and differing in 

 this respect from the shortleaf pine and loblolly pine, which usually have 

 wider rings and more sap-wood, the latter excelling in that respect. 



limit. 



r Soft and hard pines are arbitrary distinctions and the two not distinguishable at the 

 u 



