APPENDIX. 297 



a/ Pores in summer wood very minute, usually in small clusters of 



3 to 8 ; heart-wood light orange brown RED MULBERRY. 



&.' Pores in summer wood small to minute, usually isolated; heart- 

 wood cherry red COFFEE TREE, 



4. Pith rays fine but very conspicuous, even without magnifier. Color of 



heart- wood red ; of sap-wood pale lemon HONEY LOCUST. 



B. Pores of summer wood minute or small, in concentric wavy and sometimes 

 branching lines, appearing as finely-feathered hatchings on tangential 

 section. 



1. Pith rays fine, but very distinct; color greenish white. Heart-wood 

 absent or imperfectly developed HACKBERRY. 



ADDITIONAL NOTES FOR DISTINCTIONS IN THE GROUP. 



Sassafras and mulberry may be confounded but for the greater weight 

 and hardness and the absence of odor in the mulberry; the radial section of 

 mulberry also shows the pith rays conspicuously. 



Honey locust, coffee tree, and black locust are also very similar in appear- 

 ance. The honey locust stands out by the conspicuousness of the pith rays, 

 especially on radial sections, on account of their height, while the black 

 locust is distinguished by the extremely great weight and hardness, together 

 with its darker brown color. 



Fig-. 131. Wood of Coffee Tree. 



The ashes, elms, hickories, and oaks may, on casual observation, appear 

 to resemble one another on account of the pronounced zone of porous spring 

 wood. (Figs. 129, 132, 135.) The sharply defined large pith rays of the oak 

 exclude these at once; the wavy lines of pores in the summer wood, appear- 

 ing as conspicuous finely-feathered hatchings on tangential section, distin- 

 guish the elms ; while the ashes differ from the hickory by the very con- 

 spicuously defined zone of spring wood pores, which in hickory appear more 

 or less interrupted. The reddish hue of the hickory and the more or less 

 brown hue of the ash may also aid in ready recognition. The smooth, radial 

 surface of split hickory will readily separate it from the rest. 



