Discovery enriches the possessors of land. 31 



purposes, been applied to the payment and main- 

 tenance of scientific discoverers and inventors, as it 

 should have been, the general standard of scientific 

 education would have been higher, the poor would 

 have had more employment and money, and the 

 happiness and civilization of all would have been 

 greater. 



In a usual way the greatest pecuniary benefits, 

 arising from science, sooner or later go to enrich the 

 possessors of land. The demand created for coal, 

 iron, lime, building-stone, and all the metals, by the 

 industrial applications of science, has greatly in- 

 creased the value of land under which those sub- 

 stances lie. The value of cultivated land has been 

 everywhere increased by the discoveries of agricul- 

 tural chemistry. Land has also been required for 

 railways in nearly all parts of the kingdom, and has 

 thereby been considerably raised in value. Dis- 

 coveries produce inventions, inventions give rise to 

 processes and manufactures, the employment of 

 workmen and others, and the erection of workshops 

 and dwellings, and these have rapidly increased the 

 value of building ground. In Lancashire the value of 

 such ground has been greatly increased by the inven- 

 tions of the steam-engine and machinery, the dis- 

 covery of chlorine, and their application to cotton 

 manufacture. In all the great manufacturing districts, 

 and in all the chief centres of industry, a similar 

 result has occurred. Wherever a railway has been 

 constructed, the value of land has also increased in 



