THE APPLE. 131 



TRAINING AND PRUNING. 



The apple may be cultivated like the pear, either as 

 standard or espalier ; the form of standard, however, is 

 better suited for the apple than that of espalier. The 

 apple will not endure exposure to great heat so well as 

 the pear ; it requires a cool and rather humid air. 

 Some varieties, such as the Canadian and golden 

 reinette, white calville, api, winter pigeon, &c., &c., 

 endure heat better, and may be planted as espaliers, 

 but facing the west. 



Training as JEspaliers. Any of- the forms described 

 for pear trees may be adopted for apples, and the trees 

 should be planted in the same manner. The treatment 

 of the fruit-branches is also exactly the same as de- 

 scribed for pears. 



Standard Trees. The pyramidal form might, per- 

 haps, be applied to apple trees, but it is not so well 

 adapted for them as for pears. The vase or goblet form, 

 described page 82, is more suitable, or the double 

 espalier, page 89. The directions for forming them are 

 the same. 



The form recommended is that of the small goblet 

 or bush, more or less regular, for trees grafted on 

 paradise stocks. These small trees are extremely 

 fertile, but, unfortunately, are not very long-lived. 

 They are planted a number together about four feet 

 apart. The cultivation of these small trees has been 

 brought to great perfection by training them in single 

 horizontal lines, which we shall now proceed to describe 

 (fig. 112). 



