220 DIRECTIONS FOR FRUIT GARDEN. 



loses its elasticity, does not allow the tree to expand, 

 and hinders the circulation of the sap, by compressing 

 the sap vessels. The bark is sometimes destroyed in 

 this way, and falls off, leaving the wood bare. 



Fig. 183. Wood Shade for Stems. 



To prevent this the more exposed part of the stem 

 may be covered with a shade made of wood like fig. 

 183. The upper part may be protected by a coating 

 of half whiting, half clay, mixed with sufficient water 

 to form a thick paste.* 



* The injury here referred to applies mostly, if not entirely, to the 

 climate of France. In England fruit trees are not often injured by 

 too much sun. 



