TRAINING FOR DRAUGHT. 247 



effort required to keep the car rolling to a minimum, 

 whilst that required to set it in motion is nearly as great 

 as on an ordinary road, perhaps quite as great, from the 

 tram-car wheel being so low. In heavy and slow draught 

 horses acquire, after some time, the habit of throwing 

 their weight gradually into the collar, and thus bringing 

 the vehicle by slow degrees into motion and this too is 

 the way in which oxen and buffaloes work, and one 

 of the reasons why these animals can move so much 

 heavier loads than horses can easily deal with. But 

 when horses are required to start a waggon, omnibus, 

 tram-car, or other tolerably heavy vehicle quickly they 

 almost always effect this by making a sort of plunge 

 into the collar, and a large proportion of the effort thus 

 made is expended on straining the harness and carriage 

 and inflicting unnecessary pain on themselves. This 

 desire to endeavour to overcome resistance by a sudden 

 effort is natural to all horses, but is most evident in 

 those that are put into harness for the first time. The 

 young horse, if not properly managed, makes a great 

 plunge into the collar, does not succeed in moving the 

 vehicle, recoils from the pain inflicted on its sensitive 

 neck and shoulders, perhaps too from a sharp bit in 

 its mouth, repeats the process three or four times, 

 becomes disheartened, and is then perhaps cruelly 

 flogged for being sulky. This is the sort of thing too 

 often witnessed. 



Fehrmann's " horse - saver " (Pferde Schoner) is 

 intended to remedy this and some other inconveniences 

 that occur in draught. It consists simply of a hollow 

 cylinder of iron about 12 inches long closed at one end 

 by a permanently-fixed bottom, through the middle of 

 which a hole is bored sufficiently large to admit the 



