SPECIAL FORMS OF EESTIVENESS. 311 



manner already described, whilst the upright position of 

 the body affords a basis from which the arms can work. 

 Next, instead of pulling a dead pull on both reins alike, 

 the rider must take intermittent pulls on the one at the 

 side he wishes to turn towards, gradually increasing the 

 strength of the pull, and then as gradually relaxing to 

 begin again ; holding the other rein merely " counter," 

 so that the pressure shall be exerted only through the 

 mouth-piece, whatever the bit may be, and not through 

 any other portion of it, which would be useless. This 

 intermittent pull on the rein must, however, be always 

 accompanied by a similar pressure of the leg, or if 

 necessary, spur, at the same side, the rider's hand and 

 leg acting in perfect unison ; and this will never fail to 

 turn the horse gradually, just as is required. The circle 

 affords, however, not merely an opportunity for avoiding 

 dangerous obstacles ; its great value is, that it also 

 enables the rider, by gradually obtaining command over 

 his horse, to demonstrate to the latter the utter futility 

 of its attempt to get rid of him by running away, and 

 that, too, without violence or severity. One single 

 attempt at bolting away, if taken advantage of in this 

 manner by a judicious rider, may prove the means of 

 effectually subduing a troublesome animal. On the 

 other hand, such a rider will abstain carefully from 

 driving his horse to running away. 



It is more difficult to manage a horse that runs away 

 on the roads or in the streets of a town, because the 

 rider is more or less compelled to follow straight lines. 

 He can, however, unless the road be very narrow indeed, 

 by using the rein and leg at each side alternately, 

 compel the runaway to move on a serpentine, which is 

 nothing more nor less than a series of curves alternating 



