THE CONIFERJS. 171 



inner surface. These vary in number and position 

 with the species examined. In this specimen of the 

 pine we have two inverted ovules, which, in time, 

 become seeds. Fig. 323 represents a scale from the 

 same kind of catkin after it has become woody, and 

 the seeds have ripened. The Ifcft side of this scale 

 shows the cavity from which one winged seed has 

 fallen, while on the other side a seed still remains. 

 You may easily find these seeds in mature cones by 

 breaking them across, or, what is better, by putting 

 them in a dry place for a day or two, when the scales 

 will cleave away and so reveal the seeds within. 



In some evergreens, as arbor-vitse and white cedar, 

 when you examine the small terminal catkins, you 

 will find the <3 ones composed of several scales or 

 flowers, each scale bearing two to four anther-cells on 

 the lower margin (Fig. 324), while the globular $ 



FIG. 324. 



catkins consist of four rows of scales, each scale or 

 flower bearing one or several erect, bottle-shaped 

 ovules at the base (Fig. 325). The developed cone 

 of the white cedar is scarcely larger than a pea, with 

 scales firmly closed, but opening at maturity. 



The juniper or red-cedar, common on dry, sterile, 

 rocky hills, both northward and southward, blossoms 



