142 SCROPHULARIACEAE. [VOL. III. 



Family 27. SCROPHULARIACEAE L,indl. Nat. Syst. Ed. 2, 288. 1826. 



FlGWORT Family. 

 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite or alternate exstipulate leaves, and 

 perfect mostly complete and irregular flowers (corolla wanting in one species of 

 Synthyris). Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided, or some- 

 times split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or segments valvate, 

 imbricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 2-lipped, or 

 nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous, or nearly equal, inserted on the 

 corolla and alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs equal, or unequal, 

 or sometimes confluent into one. Disk present or obsolete. Pistil 1, entire or 

 2-lobed; ovary superior, 2-celled, or rarely i-celled; ovules mostly numerous, 

 rarely few, anatropous or amphitropous, borne on axile placentae; style slender, 

 simple; stigma entire, 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Fruit mostly capsular and septi- 

 cidally or loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous, the testa reticulated, 

 pitted, striate, ribbed, or nearly smooth; endosperm fleshy; embryo small, 

 straight or slightly curved; cotyledons little broader than the radicle. 



About 165 genera and 2500 species, widely distributed, most abundant in temperate regions. 



1. Anther-bearing stamens 5 ; corolla rotate ; leaves alternate. 1. Verbascum. 



2. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4 ; leaves opposite, verticillate or alternate. 



vc Corolla spurred, saccate or gibbous on the lower side at the base. 

 Corolla spurred at the base. 



Leaves palmately 3-5-veined. 2. Cymbalaria. 

 Leaves pinnately veined. 



Flowers solitary in the axils. 3. Elatinoides, 



Flowers in terminal racemes. 4. Linaria. 



Corolla saccate or gibbous at the base. 5- Antirrhinum. 



rk -K- Corolla neither spurred, saccate nor gibbous on the lower side, 

 t Anther-bearing stamens 4, the fifth sterile or rudimentary. 

 Sterile stamen a scale adnate to the upper side of the corolla. 6. Scrophularia. 



Sterile stamen elongated, longer or shorter the than others. 

 Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, the lobes of the lower lip flat. 



Sterile stamen shorter than the others; seeds winged. 7. Chelone. 



Sterile stamen about equalling the others; seeds wingless. 8. Pentstemon. 



Corolla 2-cleft, declined; middle lobe of the lower lip conduplicate. 9. Collinsia. 



| f Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, or 2 sterile, or 2 only. 



a. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; large Asiatic tree. 10. Paalozunia. 

 b. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; herbs; corolla 2-lipped; stamens not enclosed in upper lip of corolla. 

 Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. 11. Mimulus. 



Calyx 5-paited, not prismatic. 



Calyx-segments equal; leaves pinnatifid in our species. 12. Conobea. 



Calyx-segments unequal, the upper one the largest. 13. Monniera. 



C. Stamens 4, 2 anther-bearing and 2 sterile, or 2 only; corolla obviously 2-lipped. 

 Calyx 5-parted ; upper lip of corolla present. 



Sterile filaments short or none. 14. Gratiola. 



.Sterile filaments slender, 2-lobed. 15. Ilysanthes. 



Calyx 4-toothed; upper lip of corolla obsolete; low mud plant. 16. Micranthemum. 



d. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla nearly regular; flowers on scapes. 17. Limosella. 

 e. Stamens 2 only; corolla rotate, salverform, tubular, or none. 

 Leaves alternate; flowers spicate; corolla 2-3-lobed or none. 18. Wulfenia. 



Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or verticillate; corolla 4-lobed. 



Corolla rotate; capsule obcordate or emarginate, compressed. 19. Veronica. 



Corolla tubular- funnelform; capsule ovoid, not compressed. 20. Leptandra. 



f. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing; corolla campanulate, salverform or funnelform, scarcely 2-lipped. 

 Leaves alternate; flowers in 1 -sided racemes. 21. Digitalis. 



Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. 



Corolla salverform; flowers in a long spike. 22. Buchnera. 



Corolla campanulate or funnelform. 



Stamens nearly equal; calyx-lobes as long as the tube. 23. Afzelia. 



Stamens strongly didynamous, unequal; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. 



Anthers awned at the base ; corolla yellow. 24. Dasystoma. 



Anthers awnless; corolla purple, pink or rarely white. 25. Gerardia. 



g. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. 

 Ovules several or numerous; capsule many-seeded. 



Anther-sacs dissimilar, the inner one pendulous by its ap;x; leaves mostly alternate. 

 Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower. 26. Castilleja. 



Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer than the lower. 27. Orthocarpus. 



Anther-sacs similar and parallel; leaves mostly opposite. 



Calyx 2-bracteolate at the base, 5-toothed. 28. Schzcalbea. 



Calyx not bracteolate, 4-5-toothed, or cleft or split. 



Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, its margins recurved; calyx4-cleft. 29. Euphrasia. 

 Margins of the upper lip of the corolla not recurved. 



Calyx scarcely or not at all inflated in fruit; galea entire. 

 Calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft; capsule straight. 



Seeds spreading, numerous. 30. Bartsia. 



