PINACEAE. 



i. Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr. 

 Hemlock. (Fig. 124.) 



Pinus Canadensis L. Sp. PI. Ed. 2, 1421. 1763- 

 Abies Canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 206. 



Tsuga Canadensis Carr. Trait. Conif. 189. 1855. 

 A tall forest tree, sometimes 110 high, 

 the trunk reaching 4 in diameter, the lower 

 branches somewhat drooping, the old bark 

 flaky in scales. Foliage dense ; leaves ob- 

 tuse, flat, 6"-9" long, less than \" wide, 

 dark green above, pale beneath, the petiole 

 less than one-half as long as the width of 

 the blade ; cones oblong, obtuse, as long as 

 or slightly longer than the leaves, their 

 scales suborbicular, obtuse, minutely lacerate 

 or entire, not widely spreading at maturity. 



Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Delaware, 

 along the Alleghenies to Alabama and to Michi- 

 gan and Wisconsin. Ascends to 2000 ft. in the 

 Adirondacks. One of the most ornamental of 

 evergreens when young. Wood soft, weak, 

 brittle, coarse-grained, light brown or nearly 

 white ; weight per cubic foot 26 Ibs. Bark much 

 used in tanning. April-May. 



2. Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. 

 Carolina Hemlock. (Fig. 125.) 



Tsuga Caroliniana Engelm. Coult. Bot. Gaz. 6: 



223. 1881. 

 Abies Caroliniana Chapm. Fl. S. States, Ed. 2, 



650. 1883. 



A forest tree attaining a maximum height 

 of about 80 and a trunk diameter of 4, the 

 lower branches drooping. Leaves narrowly 

 linear, obtuse, rather light green above, 

 nearly white beneath, 7 // -io // long, the peti- 

 ole nearly as long as the width of the blade ; 

 cones I'-iX' long, the scales firm but 

 scarcely woody, oblong, obtuse, widely 

 spreading at maturity. 



Southwestern Virginia to South Carolina in 

 the Alleghenies. Wood soft, weak, brittle, light 

 brown ; weight per cubic foot about 27 Ibs. A 

 more graceful and beautiful tree than the pre- 

 ceding at maturity. Ascends to 4200 ft. in North 

 Carolina. April. 



5. ABIES Juss. Gen. 414. 1789. 



Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spreading so as to appear 

 2-ranked, but in reality spirally arranged, not jointed to sterigmata, and commonly quite 

 persistent in drying, the naked twigs marked by the flat scars of their bases. Stam- 

 inate aments axillary; anthers 2-celled, the sacs transversely dehiscent, the connective pro- 

 longed into a short knob or point ; pollen-grains compound. Ovule-bearing aments lateral, 

 erect ; ovules 2 on the base of each scale, reflexed, the scale shorter than or exceeding the 

 thin or papery, mucronate or aristate bract. Cones erect, subcylindric or ovoid, their scales 

 deciduous from the persistent axis, orbicular or broader, obtuse. [Ancient name of the 

 firs.] 



About 20 species, natives of the north temperate zone, chiefly in boreal and mountainous 

 regions. Besides the following, some 7 others occur in the western parts of North America and i 

 in Mexico. 



Bracts serrulate, mucronate, shorter than the scales. 

 Bracts aristate, reflexed, longer than the scales. 



1. A. balsamea. 



2. A. Fraseri. 



