THE SUBDIVISIONS 125 



too. Yet we left out this teleological psychology from our programme, 

 as such a science is as yet a programme only. Wherever an effort is 

 made to realize it, it becomes an odd mixture of an inconsistent phe- 

 nomenalistic psychology on the one side, and philosophy of history, 

 logic, ethics, and aesthetics on the other side. The only science which 

 really has a right to call itself psychology is the one which seeks to 

 describe and to explain inner life and treats it therefore as a system 

 of psychical objects, that is, as contents of consciousness, that is, as 

 phenomena. Psychology belongs, then, in the general division of 

 psychical sciences as over against physical sciences, and both deal 

 with objects as over against philosophy and history, which deal with 

 subjects of will. 



The subdivision of the Historical Sciences offers no methodological 

 difficulty as soon as those epistemological arguments are acknow- 

 ledged by which we sharply distinguish history from the Physical 

 and Mental Sciences. If history is a system of will-relations which 

 is in teleological connection with the will-demands that surround us, 

 then political history loses its predominant role, and the history of 

 law and of literature, of language and of economy, of art and relig- 

 ion, become coordinated with political development, while the mere 

 anthropological aspect of man is relegated to the physical sciences. 

 The more complete original scheme was here again finally condensed 

 for practical reasons; for instance, the planned departments on the 

 History of Education, on the History of Science, and on the History 

 of Philosophy were sacrificed, and the department of Economic His- 

 tory was joined to that of Political History. In the same way we felt 

 obliged to omit in the end many important sections in the depart- 

 ments; we had, for instance, in the History of Language at first a sec- 

 tion on Slavic Languages; yet the number of scholars interested was 

 too small to justify its existence beside a section on Slavic Literature. 

 Also the History of Music was omitted from the History of Art; and 

 the History of Law was planned at first with a fuller ramification. 



The division of Physical Sciences naturally suggested that kind of 

 subdivision which the positivistic classification presents as a com- 

 plete system of sciences. Considering physics and chemistry as the 

 two fundamental sciences of general laws, we turn first to astronomy, 

 then from the science of the whole universe to the one planet, to the 

 sciences of the earth; thence to the living organisms on the earth; and 

 from biology to the still narrower circle of anthropology. The special 

 classification of physics offers a certain difficulty. To divide it in text- 

 book fashion into sound, light, electricity, etc., seems hardly in har- 

 mony with the effort to seek logical principles in the other parts of the 

 classification. The three groups which we finally formed, Physics of 

 Matter, Physics of Ether, and Physics of Electron, may appear some- 

 what too much influenced by the latest theories of to-day, yet it 



