284 PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION 



psychology, and which are themselves only doctrinaire consequences 

 from other positions. Nothing else is possible but the modification 

 of the phenomenality of time, 'in such a way that by no means 

 everything which belongs to time belongs also as a matter of 

 course to phenomenality, but that the autonomous rational acts 

 which occur in the time series of consciousness possess their own 

 intelligible time-form. At the same time the concept of causality 

 closely connected with the concept of time is to be modified so 

 that there should be not only an immanent and phenomenal causal 

 connection, but also a regular interaction between phenomenal and 

 intelligible, psychological and rational, conscious reality. At the 

 same time the conclusion is also given up, that the Ego submits 

 unconditionally and directly to phenomenality and to causal neces- 

 sity, while the same Ego, once more, in the same way, as a whole, 

 from another point of view, is subordinate to freedom and auto- 

 nomy, that is, self-constitutive through ideas. The two Egos must 

 lie not side by side, but in and over one another. It must be 

 possible that, within the phenomenal Ego by a creative act of 

 the intelligible Ego in it, the personality should be formed and 

 developed as a realization of the autonomous reason, so that the 

 intelligible issues from the phenomenal, the rational from the psy- 

 chological, the former elaborates and shapes the latter, and between 

 both a relation of regular interaction, but not of causal constraint, 

 takes place. This rather deep, incisive modification is, in its turn, an 

 approach of the Kantian teaching to empiricism, but still at the 

 same time, in the destruction and subordination of the phenomenal 

 and intelligible world, in the emphasis upon the single personality 

 issuing from the act of reason, an adherence to rationalism. But 

 since the distinction and the interrelation between the rational and 

 the empirical forms the point of departure for the critical system, 

 and this point of departure requires at the same time the moulding 

 and shaping of the empirical by the rational and the rejection of the 

 psychological appearance; a mere parallelism is altogether impossi- 

 ble, but an interrelation is included, and a task set for the effort and 

 labor which constantly makes the rational penetrate the empirical. 

 At the very outset we have the exclusion of the parallelism and the 

 assertion of the interrelation. The interrelation, by its very nature, 

 asserts the interruption of the causal necessity and the penetration 

 of autonomous reason in this sequence, without being itself produced 

 by this sequence, although it can be stimulated and helped or inhib- 

 ited and weakened by it. Thus, in such a case as this, the irrational 

 is recognized by the side of and in the rational. In this case the irra- 

 tional of the event without causal compulsion by some antecedent, 

 or of the self-determination by the autonomous idea alone, is the irra- 

 tional of freedom. It is the irrational of the creative procedure 



