September 2, 1895.] 



KNOWLEDGE, 



199 



from lipper Egypt with a terrible thoroughness, and Lave 

 lived there for several hundred years in their own way, 

 hardly trading at all with their Egyptian neighbours. 

 Then when, under the Antefs and jMentuheteps, Egypt 

 again rose to strength, the foreigners were expelled, 

 though not with quite the same thoroughness as they had 

 themselves used in expelling the Egyptians. 



The foreigners did not write. Many scratched marks 

 were found on the pottery, but they were merely marl\s 

 of ownership, and do not show any alphabetic arrangement. 

 No record of them is preserved in Egyptian. Their memory 

 had been entirely lost for five thousand years, until the 

 fortunate results of one season's digging brought them 

 again into light. 



One great question remains. Who were these foreigners, 

 and whence did they come — east, west, north, or south ? 

 Not from the south ; for in their skulls there is no trace 

 of a negro type, and they obviously knew the sea, for 

 on one of their rarer types of vase, as will be seen in 

 Fig. 3, is painted the design of a ship. It is more likely 

 that they came from tlie west, and were Libyans from 

 North Africa, who passed across the desert, taking the 

 oases on their way, and then struck into lipper Egypt. 



Fio. 4. — Tfittooed Female Fitritre. 



Little is known of the ancient Libyans. Little has been 

 known till of late years of the Kabyles, who are then- 

 descendants. But they were an important people even in 

 the da>s of Khafu, and Libyan archers with top knots of 

 ostrich feathers were well k-nown to Egyptians of that 

 day. In the Xllth Dynasty, Usertesen I. fought a cam- 



paign against them ; in the time of Rameses III., so late 

 as 1200 n.c, they had again crowded into Egypt and were 

 by him expelled. They were an important and powerful 

 people. 



A number of arguments point to the new race being 

 identical with this people, and nothing known is incon- 

 sistent with the idea. On the tomb of Seti in Biban el 

 Moluk some Libyans are repr; sented ; they have white 

 skin and are tattooed. Now in one of our graves was a 

 small tattooed statue of a woman, a photograph of which 

 is reproduced in Fig. 4. Agam, the fine pottery of the new 

 race is hand- made and was not made on the wheel. Rather 

 good pottery is made l)y the Kabyles of to-day, built up by 

 hand without the wheel, and the shapes and decoration 

 of this modern pottery recall in several points that of the 

 new race. This point will be settled by further study, and 

 when the measurements of the skulls are completed and 

 compared with any measurements of Kabyle skulls that 

 we can find, a good test of the identity of the race will 

 be aflbrded. As a working hypothesis, we may at any 

 rate say that it is the Libyans who have been discovered 

 in Egypt this year. It is much to be desired that a search 

 will be made for traces of this people in the oases and in 

 North Africa, and that a careful study will be made of their 

 modern representatives, the white populations of the 

 interior of Tripoli and Algeria. 



WIND-FERTILIZED FLOWERS. 



By the Rev. Alex. S. Wilson, M.A., B.Sc. 



AS an agent in cross-fertilization, the wind performs 

 an indispensable service to many plants. Flowers 

 which depend on its agency for the transport 

 fif tbeir pollen are termed anemophilous ; tliose 

 adapted to insects, entomopbilous. Wind-fertilized 

 blossoms are all of small size, obscurely coloured and, even 

 wljen clustered together in catkins, inconspicuous ; hence 

 they escape observation more readily than their entomo- 

 pbilous neighbours, which are adorned with bright colours 

 to allure visitors. Although anemophiloiid flowers do not 

 exhibit the variety of curious contrivances found in the 

 entomopbilous class, they yet present a number of highly 

 irjteresting characters and are well worthy of examination. 

 Wind-fertilization is uoiversal in the lower or gymno- 

 spermous division of flowering plants, of which we have 

 examples in the pine, larch, cedar, and other coniferous 

 trees. The apetalous dicotyledons or Incomplete form 

 another large group in whicli wind-fertilization prevails 

 extensively. In this sub-i-lass are included the various 





^■c^r^ 



J Uf, J.— Catkins of VViml-l'ertiU/.ed Fluwers. A, Willow; 

 B, Poplar. (Ditccious.) 



species of dock, sorrel, nettle, pellitory of the wall, dog'a- 

 mercury, goosefoot, boxwood, hop, mulberry, elm and 

 catkin-bearing trees such as the oak, hazel, beech, poplar, 

 birch, alder, walnut and willow, all of which are wind- 

 fertilized. Anemophily is not so common in dicotyledons 



