24 



KNOWLEDGE. 



[Januaey 1, 1894. 



Position No. 7. 



" Cave CoijUUiii." 



Black (5). 



Whitis (!S). 



White mates in tliree moves. 

 Position No. 8. 



Black (4). 



White (8). 



White mates in three moves. 



The following is 

 Petersburg match :- 



Queen's 

 White 

 (Dr. TiirraseU). 



1. P to Q4 



2. P to K3 



3. B to Q3 



4. Kt to KB3 



5. P to QKtB 



6. B to Kt2 



7. PxP 



8. Castles 



!). gKt to Q2 



10. P to B4 



11. E to Bsq 



12. E to Esq 

 P to Kt3 

 Kt to K5 

 B to Ktsq 

 PxB 

 Q to R5 

 QR to Qsq 

 Q to K2 

 PxP 

 Kt to B4 

 Kt to QG 

 R to Bsq 



the twenty-first game of the St. 



13. 

 14. 

 15. 

 16. 



17. 

 18. 

 19. 

 20. 

 21. 

 22. 

 23. 



Opening. 



Black 

 (M. Ts.-hi-oi-in). 



1. P to Q4 



2. Kt to KB8 



3. P to K3 



4. P to B4 



5. Kt to B3 



6. PxP 



7. B to Q3 



8. Castles 



9. B to Q2 



10. R to Bsq 



11. B toB5 



12. Kt to K2 



13. B to Ktsq 



14. B to B3 



15. BxKt 



16. Kt to Q2 



17. P to KR3 



18. Q to Ksq 

 1!). Kt to QB4 



20. BxP 



21. Q to B3 



22. QR to Qsq 



23. P to KKt3 



A Note on Castling. 



1. Its adrisabiliti/. — Castling is usually to be recom- 

 mended when the Queens and three or four other pieces 

 are on the board ; also where the opponent has two Rooks 

 and minor pieces. If he has only one Rook and two or 

 three minor pieces, it is generally better not to castle, but 

 to come out with the King towards the centre of the 

 board. Castling should often be delayed as long as 

 possible. Nothing is so embarrassing to the adversary as 

 uncertainty as to the future position of one's king. Of 

 course, delay is useless when it is obvious on which side the 

 castling must eventually take place. 



2. Its ohjccts.—The objects of castling are three : (o) To 

 bring the Rooks into play, (6) to protect the King, {<■) to 

 protect the Pawns on one wing by means of the King. 

 The third of these objects is often lost sight of. 



3. Which siih' t(i castle. — This, of course, depends almost 

 entirely on the position, but there are certain theoretical 

 considerations which apply in all or most cases. Theoreti- 

 cally, for end-game purposes, it is better to castle on the 

 Queen's side, for the King is then usually within two 

 squares of both K3 and Q3 ; while a King castled on his 

 own side is three squares away from Q3. The chief objec- 

 tions to castling on the Queen's side are — (a) the QRP is 

 left unprotected ; (h) Black often gains time by a check 

 with Queen or Bishop at KKt4, etc. 



Much depends on what files are cleared. If the King's 

 file and KB file are open, it is naturally best to castle KR 

 and bring the QR to K square. If, on the other hand, the 

 two centre files are open, as in most variations of Philidor's 

 defence and the Scotch and Centre Gambits, time is often 

 gained by castling QR and bringing the KR to Ksq. 



When two players castle on different sides, the result is 

 usually an advance of Pawns on one side or the other 

 against the castled King. This advance is a slow process 

 and often leads to nothing, the Pawns becoming blocked. 

 There is a sign by which it may often be predicted. When 

 a strong player, his opponent having castled KR, plays 

 P to KR3 before castling, it generally shows that he has in 

 view (Castles [QRJ perhaps and) P to KKt4. 



Contents of No. 98. 



PAGE PAOB 



Antarctic Seals. By William S. The Solar Facute. By Monsieur 



Brtlce , 231 H. Deslaudres 330 



The Coffin of the Builder of the Letters —George E. Hale ; J. 



Third Pyramid. By F. W. Evershed; Robert R. Leviugstou 233 



Read . 32L! Our Rainfall in Recent Years. 



„ . •■•■■■■■ „ „ T, . I By Alex. B. MacDo*aJl, M.A. .. 3:J5 



Curious Cocoons— II. By E. A. , ,^^.^*^ t. j r * - , 



T}„ti^„ ooc I Nitros-en as Food for Animals 



"""" and Plants. Bv Vaushan Cor- 



Seience Notes 338 uish, MSc, P.C.S 237 



Shooting Stars and their Trails. Chess Column. By C. D. Locock, 

 By A. C. Eanyard 229; B.A.Oxon 239 



TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 



" Knowledge " as a Monthly Magazine cannot be registered as a Newspaper 

 for transmission abroad. The Terms of Subscription per annum are therefore 

 as follows :— To any address in the United Kingdom, the Continent, Canada, 

 United States, Esypt, India, and other pLaces in the Postal Umon, the 

 Subscription is li shillings, including postage; or 1 dollar So cents; or 6 

 marks ; or 7 francs io icuts. 

 For all pUices outside the Postal Union, 5 shillings in addition to the postage. 



Communications for the Editor and Books for Review should be addressed 

 Eilitor, " Knowledge " Office, 326, High Holborn, W.C. 



