KNOWLEDGE 



[Apbil, 1902. 



to see bow geology is brought iu to explain facts, the distribu- 

 tion of which is being described. Special chnptnrs are devoted 

 to England, Scotland, and Ireland, but they are far too short in 

 our opinion. Some of the geology could have been spareil to 

 make room for a fuller description of the regions of tlie country. 

 Wales ought to have had a chapter to itself, and the sub-divi- 

 sion of England might have been carried further. The two 

 chapters devoted to England are entitled " -Metropolitan 

 England" and "Industrial Englind," and the former, one is 

 naturally surprised to find, includes all England south and east 

 of a line drawn from the Severn to the Wash. It would have 

 been more useful to have restricted the term " Metropolitan 

 England " to the country within say :10 miles of London, and 

 the seaside suburbs like Brighton, and to have treated the rest 

 of the south-east as " Rural England, ' while Cornwall might 

 have been usefully considered with Wales. The statements are 

 not always quite accurate. Thus we read ' To-day there are in 

 Great Britain more than twenty-six million sheep or approxima- 

 tely one sheep for each human being" (p. 818.) If "to-day" 

 means 11H)0, for we suppose the passige was written before the 

 census report of last year appeared, we find in the ''Statesman's 

 Year Book" for 1001, that the number of sheep in Great 

 Britain was 2(),.')92,'2'iG and the estimated population 36, 405, DUO, 

 which seems to show that '' approximately '' is held to mean 

 " not very near," since 9,013,074 ])eo])le or 25 per cent, of the 

 ])opulatton must reaiain sheepless. But a little looseness in 

 statistics does not affect the purpose of the book, which is to 

 show how the present condition of the British people is the 

 outcome of causes which have been at work since the first 

 changes in the solidifying crust of the Earth. 



" A. Text-Book of Zoology." By G. P. Mudge, a.r.c.sc, 

 F.Z.S., &c. (London : Edwin Arnold. lOil). 7s. 6d. — The 

 number of recent text-books of zoology is legion, and every 

 new volume must add to the bewilderment of the student who 

 is just entering into this field of science. To those who finl it 

 necessary to make a selection from among the number of these 

 books, Mr. Mudge's little work may !)e cordially recommeuled 

 as a most excellent treatise, and one which possesses some 

 distinctly original features. As a laboratory guide it will be 

 most helpful, whilst the introduction and concluding chapters 

 will afford him, in a clear and condensed form, a good insight 

 into the application of the facts derived from the work of the 

 dissecting room. Being essentially a book for juniors, the 

 modern plan has been adopted of selecting a few types of 

 animals easily to be procured and presenting all the principal 

 features of the groups to which they belong. 



Dealing in turn with the Vertebrates, Coelomate and Coelen- 

 terate Invertebrates, and the Protozoa, Mr. Mudge brings out 

 the essential characteristics of each animal by a comparison of 

 their several systems and organs. The concluding chapters of 

 the book are devoted to the Life-History of the Cockroach and 

 Butterfly, and the Phenomena of Metamorphosis; Karyokinesis, 

 Oogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Heredity and Variation. 



The illustrations are numerous, well chosen, and well 

 executed. 



BOOKS RECEIVED. 



More. Tales of the Birds. By W. Warde Fowler. (Macmillan.) 

 Illustrated. 3^. 6d. 



Results of Ram, River, and ISvaporalion Obserralions made in 

 New South, Wales during 1899. By H. C. Kussell, BA, CM. a., 

 F B 8. (Department of Public Instruction. Meteorology of New 

 South Wales.) Illustrated. 3s. 6d. 



The Nearer East. By D. &. Hogarth, m.a. (Heiuemann.) 

 Illustrated. 



Comparative Aaitomy of Animals. Vol. II. By Gilbert C. 

 Bourne, m.a., d.sc, p.l.s. (Bell.) Illustrated. 49. 6d. 



Eighteenth Annial Report of the Bureau of Ameriean Ethnology, 

 1S96-7. By J. W. Powell, Director. Part 2. ( Washington; aovcrn- 

 rnent Printing Office.) 



Primer of Physwloyg. By Alex. Hill. (Dent.) 

 Is. net. 



Plea for a Na'ional Institute of Geography. 

 Bartholomew, P B.3.B., F B o.s., with plan and note by P 

 (Reprinted from Seottlsh Geographical Magazine, March, li)02.) 



Comparison of Photographi ■ and Visual Magnitudes of the New 

 Star ia Perseus. By W. H. Robinson. {Monthly Notices of Royal 

 Astronomical Society, January, 1902.) 



Illustrated. 



By J. G. 



•of. Gcddes. 



Theoretical Representation leading to General Suggestion* hearing 

 on the Ultimate Constitution of Matter and Ether. By Jolin Fraier, 

 Ordnance Survey. ( William'" A Norsatc. ) Is. Gd. 



Tutoriil Arithmetic. IJv W. P. Workman, M.A., B.<IC., awisted by 

 R. II. Chope. D A. (VV. B.' Olive.) 39. 6d. 



Text-Biok of .Uagneti.<:m and Electricity. Br R. Wallace Stewart, 

 o.sr.LONi). (W. BiCUvc.) Illustrated. 33. Gd. 



The Forimmfera. By Frcler.ck Chaprain, al.S, P.b.m g. 

 (Longmans.) Illustrated. 9s. net. 



Arithmetic of Electrical Measurements. Hy W. B. P. Uobbs, E.x. 

 (Murby.) Is. 



Recent Progress in Pra-tleal and Experimental Electricity. By 

 Reginald Fosendcn. (Washington: Philo.sophical Society.) 



Roqal Scottish Arhoricultwal Societi/ Transactions. Vol. XVI. 

 Part.'lII. (Kdinburgli: Douglas & Koulis.) 



Scientijic Roll. No. 4. Bacteria. By Alexander Ram'ay. Is. 



Smithsonian Institution Origin and Kistory. Vols. I. and II. 

 By VVm. Jones Rhees. (Washington: Government Printing Ollicc.) 



ACROSS RUSSIAN LAPLAND IN SEARCH OF 

 BIRDS. 



By Harky F. Witherby, f.z.s., m.b.o.u. 



II.— ARCHANGEL, A WONDERFUL MONASTERY", 

 AND THE EFFECTS OF VODKA. 



Arc n ANGEL lias no pleasing memories for my friend or 

 myself, although we remember it well and especially its 

 custom house. When we arrived at Solombala we were 

 immediately assailed by a posse of custom house officials. 

 Our numerous boxes and packages were not only opened 

 and ransacked, but every bottle and parcel in them was 

 minutely examined, and at length our guns, cartridges 

 and camera were carried oil in triumph to be re-examined 

 at the custom house at Archangel. Nowhere else in the 

 world is there such a custom house, and unlucky is the 

 man that puts himself into its clutches. After three 

 days of alternate praying to and cursing the officials at 

 this infamous place, we were allowed to take away our 

 guns, cartridges and camera on payment of an extor- 

 tionate duty. The amount of duty was assessed by 

 weighing the articles, and consequently the sum payable 

 on the cartridges, which were loaded with shot, was double 

 their actual value. But we were more lucky than a friend 

 who sent all his baggage to Archangel beforehand by sea, 



Sketch Map to show route from Trondlijem to Archangel, and 

 from Archangel to Kandalax. 



and after being delayed at the custom house for a fort- 

 night, was mulct in £50 for duty on old clolbes and 

 camp furniture. 



Besides its custom house, Archangel has many mos- 

 quitoes of a virulent type. The town is thinly spread 

 over an enormous extent of ground, and the roads are all 

 paved with very rough cobbles. The only means of con- 

 veyance are droskis or low spriugless four-wheelers, the 



