October, 1902.] 



KNOWLEDGE 



231 



therefore, everyone in England was glad to meet him, esiiecially 

 those who regarded him as their great teacher. He paid many 

 visits to this country, and being a good scholar, made his 

 speeches in English, but with considerable foreign accent. One 

 of his most notable visits was at the time of the International 

 Medical Congress in 1884. He joined with Sir James Paget, 

 Huxley, and others, in giving addres-ses at St. .Tames' Hall. He 

 spoke on the value of experiments on animals, and concluded by 

 asking the opinion of the company present on the question ; the 

 response as to their utility was carried without a disseirticnt 

 voice. 



Another very remarkable occjision was his visit to Edinburgh 

 on the occasion of the tercentenary of the University, when its 

 degree was conferred U])On him. Some of the most leivrned 

 men in Europe were there, but no one was more distinguished 

 than Tirchow. 



(In March 10th, ISiK^, Virchow was invited to give the 

 Croonian Lecture before the Royal Society. The large room of 

 the University of fjondon was crowded to hear him deliver it ; 

 the subject being " The place of Pathology in Biological Study." 

 In the evening a dinner was given to his honour at the 

 Whitehall Rooms, Lord Kelvin being in the chair, and Sir 

 James Paget and other eminent men made speeches to his 

 honour. 



On October 3rd, 1898, Virchow was invited to give the 

 Huxley Lecture at Charing Cross Hospital. This was founded 

 in honour of Huxley, who was educated there. The subject 

 was " Recent advances in science, especially those bearing on 

 Medicine and .Surgery." This he delivered to a crowded 

 audience at the neighbouring St. Martin's Hall. In the evening 

 a dinner was given to him, presided over by Lord Lister. Being 

 president of the College of Physicians, I was en,abled to state 

 the indebtedness of the profession to Dr. Chance for his admir- 

 able translation of the '• Cellular Pathology," which brought 

 this great work so soon before the ])rofession in England. 



On Januarj' 3rd of the present year he broke the neck of his 

 thigh bone in alighting from a car. He soon recovered from 

 the shock and went into the country, where his health much 

 improved, although he did not expect to have the use of his leg 

 again, for on examination by the Rontgen rays, he declared 

 that no union could take place. Afterwards his strength began 

 to fail, and he passed aw.ay on September 7th. 



His remains were brought to Berlin and placed in the 

 Rath.aus, where thej- lay in state. On September Hth the 

 funeral took place, a service w.as held, .and the coffin then carried 

 to the cemetery of St. Mathew's Church, followed by a pro- 

 cession a mile long. Besides the representatives of the Univer- 

 sity, many statesmen were present. Prof. Waldeyer delivered 

 an oration on the part of science, and others followed in their 

 different capacities. 



A writer has said of Virchow, that he was the great pioneer 

 of the obscurest of sciences, yet crossed swords with the chief 

 of a political l>arty, and also accomplished more social and 

 administrative reform than any other man of his time : another 

 writer that he was absolutely simple and devoid of self-con- 

 sciousnes.s, sincere, kindly, and unassuming ; he was absorbed in 

 his subject, the embodiment of accurate knowledge and sound 

 judgment, the truest servant of truth. 



Britisi) (!5riutt)ologtfal Kotcs. 



ComhicUJ hij H.viiKY F. Withekbt, r.z..s., m.b.o.u. 



Black-kared Wheatear in Sussex. — A new species 

 for the British list. At the meeting of the British 

 Ornithologists' Clul), held on June 18th last, Mr. W. 

 Kuskin BiittertielJ exhibited a male specimen of this 

 Wheatcar or Chat, which had been shot near Polegate, 

 Sussex, bv a man named Williams on May 28th, i902. 

 Mr. Butterfield follows Mr. J. T. Whitaker iu calling the 

 bird Saxicola ccUerime, a name given to the western 

 form of Sojeicohi aurita — the Black-eared Wheatear. It 

 is at all events the western form of the bird which has 

 now been recorded for the first time as having visited us. 

 This form of the handsome and brightly coloured Black- 

 eared Wheatear seems restricted to the South of Spain, 

 North-west Africa, and Sicily, while the eastern form of 



the bird is found throughout the greater part of the Soutli 

 of Europe, Asia Minor, and North-east Africa. We are 

 afrai'l that the present exam|ile is only a straggler, and 

 we cannot expect this lovely sjiocies to make a habit of 

 paying visits to these inhospitalde shores. 



The Starling as Fosteh Parent.— The somewhat 

 singular incident of the Starling performing the duties of 

 foster parent has been witnessed here ; a feraah; bird 

 steadily feeding two young Song Thrushes, which follow 

 ber about most closely. The foster parent's duties are 

 very carefully and stndioiisly carried out. — -W. Ucnn, 

 Withycomb, Exmouth. 



Orel/ Lng-gaose in Ireland. — A specimen of tlie south-pnsti^rn form 

 (Anser ruhriroslrui) of the G-rey Lag-goose was exhibited liv Mr. K. 

 Coburn at the .Tunc meeting of the British Ornithologists' Ciub. 

 The bird was one of five reieived by the exhibitor from Liiiieric-k on 

 November 23rd, 1901. One of the characters pointed out by Mr. 

 Coburn as separating this bird from the Orey Lag familiar to Eimlisli 

 sportsmen was its longer and more slender bodv. 



All contributions to the column, either in the way of note.i 

 or photographs, should be forwarded to Harry F. Witherby, 

 at the Office o/ Knowledge, 326, High Holhorn, Lnmhni. 

 ■ — ♦ ^ 



j^oticc g of B oofeg. 



"Metallography: an IsTKODucnoN to tiik Study of 

 Metals, chiefly by the Aid of the Microscoim:. " By 

 Arthur H. Hiorns. (M.acmillan.) (is. — This book discloses 

 the progressive nature of the study of metal structure by means 

 of the microscope, and is the first com|ilete handbook which has 

 appeared on the subject. Articles by jiractical workers have 

 constantly appeared in the various scientific journals, and there 

 is actually a quarterly publication emanating from America 

 which deals solely with this subject, but the volume before us 

 gives in short but precise terms, not only the state of know- 

 ledge at the present time, but the methods of obtaining that 

 knowledge. It cannot well be said that sufficient data and 

 knowledge have been gained to class micrometallognaphy as an 

 exact science, but such information as has already been obtained, 

 has been of the most invaluable description, and this book 

 will enable those who may be beginning, to start at the point 

 at which advanced workers have arrived, and make those who 

 are working in a more or less isolated manner, acquainted with 

 the latest methods. The purpose of the microscopical examina- 

 tion of metals is admirably given in the writer's own words ; — 

 "It must be clearly recognised at the outset that microscopic 

 examination is not intended, nor ever will replace chemical 

 analysis or mechanical testing of metals. Its function is to add 

 additional information of a kind which other methods are 

 incapable of yielding. Thus, in steel, ordinary chemical analysis 

 will indicate the total quantity of carbon, combined and free, 

 but will not reveal the ])resence of definite mineral constituents, 

 such as ferrite, cementite, pearlite, martensite, and the manner 

 in which they are associated in the steel.'' Seeing that the 

 whole study is dependent on the microscope being suitable for 

 the work, it is somewhat singular that so small an amount of 

 information regarding this instrument should be given. No 

 real direction is provided to guide the beginner in his selection. 

 Is, or is not, the raising and lowering of the stage by rackwork 

 desirable? Should the objectives have large or smali apertures, 

 and have the apochromats proved more effective than the 

 ordinary achromatics ? Again, ought not the objective to be 

 constructed specially to work on subjects having no cover 

 gla.sses ? These are points which one would expect to hiive 

 elucidated, but the situation is summed up by the writer so far 

 as the microscope stand is concerned, by the words, " the 



instrument should have a firm and fairly heavy stand 



a mechanical st;ige is quite unnecessary.'' The instructions for 

 photographing, and the illustrations, which are numerous, 

 although they have evidently lost detail in the reproduction, are 

 exceedingly instructive and interesting. 



"In.idrious and UsEKiTL Insiccts." By L. C. Miall, f.k.s. 

 (Bell & Sons.) 3s. 6d. — All teachers of economic zoology must 

 feel grateful to Prof. Miall for this excellent little book, from 

 which a student can hardly fail to le.irn how to observe,' think, 

 and act for himself. It opens with an account of the Cockroach 



