192 Bugs, Cicadas, Aphids, and Scale-insects 



and soon moult, losing at this time the legs and antennae. After a second 

 moulting, however, minute new legs and antennae are again to be seen, and 

 later the wing-pads appear, and wings, legs, and antennae develop and grow 

 apace; at a last moulting the insect leaves the protection of its beautiful little 

 case and flies away. Leaving the pupa-case is a slow and toilsome process, 

 the imago often struggling for hours before it is free and ready for flight. 



FIG. 261. The Southern California oak-scale, Cerococcus quercus. 

 (Photograph by Rose Patterson; natural size.) 



All of the pupae secrete "honey-dew," sometimes in such quantities that 

 the leaf around the case, and the top of the case itself, are covered with it. 

 This honey-dew is emitted from the tip of a little flap-like anal structure called 

 the lingula (Fig. 266). The sweet liquid honey-dew, when exposed to the 

 air, becomes thick and finally hardens. The spores of fungi often germinate 

 in the excreted honey-dew, and numerous ant-species collect it for food. 



