The Moths and Butterflies 



361 



ments; one of these pairs is on the last segment and four, which is the num- 

 ber present in all except the inchworms or loopers (larvae of the Geometric! 

 moths), are on the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth segments behind the 

 head. The inchworms have prop-legs only (with a few exceptions) on the 

 ninth and last segments. These 

 prop-legs, together with the striped 

 or hairy body-surface, make a 

 moth or butterfly larva almost as 

 readily recognizable for what it is 

 as the scale-covered wings make 



FIG. 510. FIG. 511. FIG. 512. 



FIG. 510. Cross-section of sucking-proboscis of milkweed-butterfly, Anosia plexippus; 



see tubular cavity, c., formed by apposition of the two maxillse. tr., trachea; ., nerve; 



m., muscles. (After Burgess; greatly magnified.) 

 FIG. 511. Bit of maxillary proboscis of milkweed-butterfly, Anosia plexippus, showing 



arrangement of muscles in the interior; these muscles serve to coil up or to extend 



the proboscis; see groove on inner face of maxilla, m., muscles; tr., trachea; 



n., nerve; c., groove. 

 FIG. 512. Diagram of arrangement of pharynx, oesophagus, etc., in interior of head 



of monarch butterfly, Anosia plexippus, showing means of producing suction in 



the proboscis, oe., oesophagus; dm., dorsal muscle; f.m., frontal muscle; cl., clypeus; 



hyp., hypopharynx; s.d., salivary duct; ep., epipharynx; mx., maxilla. 



the adult moth or butterfly distinguishable from any other kind of insect. 

 The chrysalids with their hard shell, but with the folded antennae, legs, and 

 wings of the enclosed developing adult always indicated, are also hardly to 

 be mistaken for the pupae of any other orders, while even the eggs, when ex- 

 amined under a magnifier, mostly reveal their lepidopterous parentage by 

 the beautiful fine sculpturing of the shell (Fig. 67). . As will be noted 

 from a perusal of the accounts of the life-history of various familiar and 

 representative moths and butterflies given in the following pages, there is 

 much variety in the means shown of protecting the defenceless pupae; some 

 are subterranean, the leaf-feeding larvae crawling down from tree-top or 

 weed-stem and burrowing into the ground before pupation; others are 

 enclosed in a tough silken cocoon spun by the larva before making its 

 last moult ; while those which are not protected in one or the other of these 

 ways either lie in concealed spots under stones or in cracks of the bark, 

 etc., or are so colored and patterned that they blend indistinguishably with 

 the object against which they are suspended. The larvae have also their 



