362 



The Moths and Butterflies 



various means of defence; the hairy ones are an uncomfortable mouthful 

 for a bird, the naked and brightly marked ones usually contain an acrid 

 and distasteful body fluid, while still others find protection in a color pattern 

 harmonizing with their habitual environment. 



The food-habits of the larvae make of many of them serious pests of 

 our growing crops. Most are leaf-eaters and all are voracious feeders, so 

 that an abundance of cutworms or army-worms or maple-worms or tomato- 

 worms always means hard times for their favorite food-plants, which are 

 too often growing grain and 

 vegetables, and leafing or- 

 chard and foliage trees. 

 Others attack fruits, as that 

 dire apple pest, the codlin- 

 moth larva ; while still others ' " >f ' m ** 



"Fro. 514. 



FIG. 513. Front of head, with scales removed, of sphinx-moth, showing frontal sclerites 

 and mouth-parts, ep., epicranium; su., suture; cl., clypeus; ge., gena or cheek; />/., 

 pilifer of labrum; md., mandible. Between the two pilifers the base of the sucking- 

 proboscis composed of the apposed maxillae is seen. (Much enlarged.) 



FIG. 514. Diagram showing mouth-parts of Lepidoptera. Figure in upper left-hand 

 corner, head, with scales removed, of Catocala sp.: cl., clypeus; ge., gena or cheek; 

 mx.p., maxillary palpus; />/., pilifer of labrum. In upper right-hand corner, ventral 

 aspect of head of Catocala sp.: mx.p., maxillary palpus; ge., gena or cheek; mx.b., 

 base of maxilla; gu., gula; Int., labium; lp., basal segment of labial palpus. In 

 lower left-hand corner, frontal aspect of head, with scales removed, of sphinx- 

 moth, Protoparce Carolina: ep., epicranium; cl., clypeus; lb., labrum; />/., pilifer 

 of labrum; md., mandible; ge., gena or cheek. In lower right-hand corner, front 

 of head, with scales removed, of monarch butterfly, Anosia plexippus lb., labrum; 

 g., gena or cheek; p/., pilifer of labrum. (Much enlarged.) 



are content with dry organic substances, as the larvae of clothes-moths, meal- 

 moths, and the like. For all of this kind of feeding very different mouth- 

 parts are needed from the delicate sucking-proboscis characteristic of the 

 adults, and the lepidopterous larvae are all provided with well-formed jaw-like 

 mandibles and other parts going to make up a biting mouth structure. The 

 larval eyes are simple ones, not compound as in the adults; the antennae 

 are short and inconspicuous, not large and feathered as in the moths, or 

 long and thread-like, with knobbed tip, as in the butterflies. Altogether the 



