3 8o 



The Moths and Butterflies 



FIG. 540. 



Tortricids, but the majority of rolled-up leaves so commonly seen on shrubs 

 and trees are the homes of these larvae. A number of species belonging to 

 the genus Cacoecia are among the commonest and most important of these 

 because they prefer the leaves of apple, plum, and cherry trees, and currants, 

 raspberries, gooseberries, strawberries, cranberries, roses, etc., rather than 



those of trees and shrubs 



sc r/.rtrjr* whose healthfulness is no* 



so important to us. Tht 

 larvae of Cacoecia rosaceana, 

 the oblique-banded leaf- 

 roller, pale yellowish-green 

 caterpillars inch long, dis- 

 figure and injure many kinds 

 of fruit-trees, small fruits, 

 and garden shrubs. The 

 moth expands about one 

 inch, and has reddish-brown 

 body, light, cinnamon-brown 

 fore wings crossed by wavy 

 dark-brown lines and ochre- 

 yellow hind wings. Choke- 

 berries, and cultivated cher- 

 ries as well, are often attacked 

 by the cherry-tree leaf-folder, 

 C. cerasivorana (Fig. 538), whose active yellow larvae "fasten together with 

 silken threads all the leaves and twigs of a branch and feed upon them, 

 an entire brood occupying a single nest. The larvae change to pupae within 

 the nest; and the pupae when about to transform work their way out and 

 hang suspended from the outer portion of the nest." The moths expand 

 from - to i inch, have bright ochre-yellow wings with brownish spots, and 

 bands of pale leather-blue on the front ones. 



The oak leaf-roller, C. pervadana, similarly makes ugly nests in oak- 

 trees in late summer, each nest consisting of a wad 

 of tied-together leaves. Cranberry-plants are sometimes 

 attacked by reddish, yellow-headed, warty-backed cater- 

 pillars, which are the larvae of C. parallela (Fig. 540), 

 a leaf-roller moth with reddish-orange fore wings crossed 

 diagonally by numerous fine lines of a darker red-brown, 

 and a pair of broad oblique red-brown bands. The hind 

 wings are pale yellow. 



Notwithstanding the apparently sufficient protection afforded the leaf- 

 rolling larvae by their tightly rolled cylindrical cases and webby nests, birds 



a a a 



FIG. 539. 



FlG. 538. The cherry-tree leaf-roller, Cacoecia cera- 

 sivorana. (After Lugger; natural size.) 



FIG. 539. Venation of a Tortricid, Cacoecia cera- 

 sivorana. cs, costal vein; sc, subcostal vein; 

 r, radial vein; m, medial vein; c, cubital vein; 

 a, anal vein. (After Comstock; enlarged.) 



FIG. 540. The cranberry leaf-roller, Cacoecia paral- 

 lela. (After Lugger; natural size.) 



FIG. 541 . The 

 sulphur-colored 

 tortrix, Dichelia 

 sulfureana. (Af- 

 ter Lugger; nat- 

 ural size.) 



