Color and Pattern and their Uses 613 



the simulator of dead leaves, to go so far as it has in its modification ? Such 

 minute points of detail are there as will never be noted by bird or lizard. 

 The simple necessity is the effect of a dead leaf; that is all. Kallima 

 certainly does that and more. Kallima goes too far, and proves too much. 

 And there are other cases like it. Natural selection alone could never carry 

 the simulation past the point of full advantage. 



But whatever other factors or agents have played a part in bringing 

 about this specialization of color and pattern, exemplified by insects showing 

 protective resemblances, warning colors, terrifying manners, and mimicry, 

 natural selection has undoubtedly been the chief factor, and the basis of 



FIG. 797. The death's-head sphinx-moth. (Photograph by the author.) 



utility the chief foundation, for the development of the specialized condi- 

 tions. 



If any readers of this brief discussion of color and its uses among the 

 insects care to refer to more detailed accounts of the general subject of color 

 and pattern, or to parts of it, they will find the following books and papers 

 useful : Poulton's "The Colour of Animals" ; Beddard's "Animal Coloration" ; 

 Newbigin's "Color in Nature"; Wallace's "Darwinism," Chaps. VIII, IX, 

 and X; papers by Mayer on "The Development of the Wing-scales and their 

 Pigment in Butterflies and Moths" (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XXIX, 

 No. 5, 1896), on "The Color and Color-patterns of Moths and Butterflies" 

 (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XXX, No. 4, 1897), and on "Effects of Natural 

 Selection and Race-tendency upon the Color-patterns of Lepidoptera " (Bull. 



