Skull and Vertebral Column. 5 7 



limbs (Gleider), and these again ribs. " Freye Bewe- 

 gungsorgane konnen nichts anderer als frey gewordene 

 Rippen seyn," he says : nay, he even goes so far as to 

 describe particular parts of the cranial vertebrae as ilium 

 capitis, femur capitis, and so on. 



Since the time of Oken much has been done, by 

 Owen more especially ; and now it may be regarded as 

 a well-established fact that the skull is really made up 

 of modified vertebras, and that the ears and jaws and 

 eyes are appendages which are related to the cranial 

 vertebrae in exactly the same way as that in which the 

 ordinary limbs are related to the spinal vertebrae. 

 There is much disagreement as to particular homologies : 

 there is scarcely any as to the general connaturality the 

 point with which at present I am alone concerned of 

 the skull and the vertebral column. Upon this point, 

 indeed, Goethe, and Bojanus, and Spix, and Cuvier, and 

 Geoffroy St. Hilaire, and Wagner, and Agassiz, and 

 Sommering, and Carus, and Meckel, and Owen, and all, 

 with one or two exceptions only, who have paid any 

 serious attention to the subject, are perfectly in accord 

 with Oken. 



