184 THE ANALYSIS OF MILK. 



b. CREAM. 



1. Cream is that portion of milk, rich in milk fat, which rises to the 

 surface of milk on standing, or is separated from it by centrifugal force, 

 is fresh and clean and contains not less than eighteen (18) per cent of 

 milk fat. 



2. Evaporated cream, clotted cream, is cream from which a consider- 

 able portion of water has been evaporated. 



State standards. In drafting local dairy ordinances it is 

 desirable to have the standards conform to the requirements of 

 the state law. In California, the courts have ruled that the 

 city ordinances can conflict with those of the state to the ex- 

 tent of raising the local standard above that adopted by the 

 state. 



Collection of samples. One of the most important and 

 weighty considerations is the proper collection of milk samples. 

 This necessitates the employment of trained inspectors. It 

 would appear from the experience of the writer that this point 

 'is not ordinarily kept in mind when officers are appointed. 

 The inspector should either be a dairy-school graduate well 

 recommended or should receive the necessary training in the 

 laboratory with which he is to be associated. 



Samples from milk cans, whether from store or wagon, should 

 be collected with care in the matter of mixing as pointed out 

 on page 177. An additional precaution regarding the use of 

 the sampling tube might not be out of place. The tube should 

 be thoroughly rinsed after each sample has been taken in order 

 to preclude the possibility of contaminating one sample with 

 traces of a preservative that might have been in the previous 

 one. 



One of the most convenient receptacles for collecting milk is 

 a wide-mouthed eight-ounce bottle with a well-fitted cork. 

 Duplicate samples 'should be collected in order that the party 

 from whom the sample is taken may retain one for analysis if 

 he so desires. Dairy ordinances should require that this be 

 done. 



In the case of bottled milk also it would appear to be desir- 

 able to collect duplicate samples. This may readily be done 

 by the inspector carrying in his outfit a clean quart bottle for 



