28 



BOTANY. 



shown (Fig. 96), which grows wholly underground, and is 

 spoken of as a creeping root. 



' Of underground stems the tuber (Fig. 97) is a familiar 

 example. The presence of buds, or " eyes," as they are 

 vulgarly called, proves their stem-like nature. 



The bulb (Figs. 98, 99) is a kind of underground bud 

 which gives off roots from below and a flowering stem 

 above. In both figures you see the shortened stem a, 

 roots b, scales <:, flowering stem d. Buds are formed in the 

 axils of these scaly leaves. This scaly bulb has no cover- 

 ing, and is called a naked bulb, to distinguish it from the 

 coated or tunicated\wNQ shown in section (Fig. 100), where 

 the scales inclose one another in a concentric manner, and 

 have an outer membranous covering. The corm is a solid 

 bulb, which produces one or more buds in the form of 

 young corms (Fig. 101, a'"). 



In answering the questions of Schedule Third, say, as 

 to the kind of stem, whether it is annual, biennial, or peren- 

 nial ; whether it is erect, climbing, twining, or prostrate. 

 If the latter, is it a runner or creeper ? or, if an under- 

 ground stem, is it a rhizome, tuber, bulb, or corm ? Is the 

 leaf-insertion radical or cauline ? Is the leaf-arrangement 

 alternate, opposite, or whorled ? 



By turning to the FLORA, you will see that all the 



species there described are 



SCHEDULE THIRD, PERTAINING TO STEMS. chiefly known from each 



other by the features of leaf 

 and stem that you have 

 been studying ; and these 

 differences are stated in the 

 precise terms you have been 

 using in schedule-work. Do 

 not go on to study flowers 

 till all these terms are fa- 

 miliar. 



